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Despite outstanding results, machine learning-based Android malware detection models struggle with concept drift, where rapidly evolving malware characteristics degrade model effectiveness. This study examines the impact of concept drift on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Ahmed Sabbah , Radi Jarrar , Samer Zein , David Mohaisen

Machine learning-based Android malware classifiers achieve high accuracy in stationary environments but struggle with concept drift. The rapid evolution of malware, especially with new families, can depress classification accuracy to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Yiling He , Junchi Lei , Zhan Qin , Kui Ren , Chun Chen

Machine learning methods can detect Android malware with very high accuracy. However, these classifiers have an Achilles heel, concept drift: they rapidly become out of date and ineffective, due to the evolution of malware apps and benign…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Yizheng Chen , Zhoujie Ding , David Wagner

Machine learning (ML)-based malware detection systems often fail to account for the dynamic nature of real-world training and test data distributions. In practice, these distributions evolve due to frequent changes in the Android ecosystem,…

Malware classification in dynamic environments presents a significant challenge due to concept drift, where the statistical properties of malware data evolve over time, complicating detection efforts. To address this issue, we propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Bishwajit Prasad Gond , Durga Prasad Mohapatra

Machine Learning (ML)-based detectors are becoming essential to counter the proliferation of malware. However, common ML algorithms are not designed to cope with the dynamic nature of real-world settings, where both legitimate and malicious…

The rapidly evolving nature of Android apps poses a significant challenge to static batch machine learning algorithms employed in malware detection systems, as they quickly become obsolete. Despite this challenge, the existing literature…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Molina-Coronado B. , Mori U. , Mendiburu A. , Miguel-Alonso J

Machine learning (ML) in real-world systems must contend with concept drift, adversarial actors, and a spectrum of potential features with varying costs and benefits. Malware naturally exhibits all of these complexities, but for the same…

Malware detection and classification into families are critical tasks in cybersecurity, complicated by the continual evolution of malware to evade detection. This evolution introduces concept drift, in which the statistical properties of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Olha Jurečková , Martin Jureček

In applying deep learning for malware classification, it is crucial to account for the prevalence of malware evolution, which can cause trained classifiers to fail on drifted malware. Existing solutions to address concept drift use active…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Adrian Shuai Li , Arun Iyengar , Ashish Kundu , Elisa Bertino

Learning-based Android malware detectors degrade over time due to natural distribution drift caused by malware variants and new families. This paper systematically investigates the challenges classifiers trained with empirical risk…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Xinran Zheng , Shuo Yang , Edith C. H. Ngai , Suman Jana , Lorenzo Cavallaro

Android malware detectors often degrade after deployment because of concept drift, while full retraining at each maintenance step is costly. We propose a chronological adaptive maintenance framework that models deployment-time maintenance…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Ahmed Sabbah , Mohammad Kharma , Mohammad Alkhanafseh , Radi Jarrar , Samer Zein , David Mohaisen

Deep learning has emerged as a powerful approach for malware detection, demonstrating impressive accuracy across various data representations. However, these models face critical limitations in real-world, non-stationary environments where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Pawan Acharya , Lan Zhang

Concept drift refers to gradual or sudden changes in the properties of data that affect the accuracy of machine learning models. In this paper, we address the problem of concept drift detection in the malware domain. Specifically, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Aniket Mishra , Mark Stamp

Malware is a major threat to computer systems and imposes many challenges to cyber security. Targeted threats, such as ransomware, cause millions of dollars in losses every year. The constant increase of malware infections has been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Fabrício Ceschin , Marcus Botacin , Heitor Murilo Gomes , Felipe Pinagé , Luiz S. Oliveira , André Grégio

Concept drift is a significant challenge for malware detection, as the performance of trained machine learning models degrades over time, rendering them impractical. While prior research in malware concept drift adaptation has primarily…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Md Tanvirul Alam , Romy Fieblinger , Ashim Mahara , Nidhi Rastogi

Machine-learning models have been recently used for detecting malicious Android applications, reporting impressive performances on benchmark datasets, even when trained only on features statically extracted from the application, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Marco Melis , Davide Maiorca , Battista Biggio , Giorgio Giacinto , Fabio Roli

We present MADCAT, a self-supervised approach designed to address the concept drift problem in malware detection. MADCAT employs an encoder-decoder architecture and works by test-time training of the encoder on a small, balanced subset of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Eunjin Roh , Yigitcan Kaya , Christopher Kruegel , Giovanni Vigna , Sanghyun Hong

Machine learning is increasingly vital in cybersecurity, especially in malware detection. However, concept drift, where the characteristics of malware change over time, poses a challenge for maintaining the efficacy of these detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Numan Halit Guldemir , Oluwafemi Olukoya , Jesús Martínez-del-Rincón

Machine learning for malware classification shows encouraging results, but real deployments suffer from performance degradation as malware authors adapt their techniques to evade detection. This phenomenon, known as concept drift, occurs as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Federico Barbero , Feargus Pendlebury , Fabio Pierazzi , Lorenzo Cavallaro
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