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Protecting the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) associated to Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) is a pressing need pushed by the high costs required to train such networks and the importance that DNNs are gaining in our society. Following its…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-18 Yue Li , Hongxia Wang , Mauro Barni

With the rapid advancement and extensive application of artificial intelligence technology, large language models (LLMs) are extensively used to enhance production, creativity, learning, and work efficiency across various domains. However,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Yuqing Liang , Jiancheng Xiao , Wensheng Gan , Philip S. Yu

Digital image watermarking is the process of embedding and extracting watermark covertly on a carrier image. Incorporating deep learning networks with image watermarking has attracted increasing attention during recent years. However,…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Xin Zhong , Frank Y. Shih

Digital watermarking is a promising solution for mitigating some of the risks arising from the misuse of automatically generated text. These approaches either embed non-specific watermarks to allow for the detection of any text generated by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Zihao Fu , Chris Russell

By and large, existing Intellectual Property (IP) protection on deep neural networks typically i) focus on image classification task only, and ii) follow a standard digital watermarking framework that was conventionally used to protect the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Jian Han Lim , Chee Seng Chan , Kam Woh Ng , Lixin Fan , Qiang Yang

Trigger set-based watermarking schemes have gained emerging attention as they provide a means to prove ownership for deep neural network model owners. In this paper, we argue that state-of-the-art trigger set-based watermarking algorithms…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Suyoung Lee , Wonho Song , Suman Jana , Meeyoung Cha , Sooel Son

With the rise of Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) platforms,safeguarding the intellectual property of deep learning models is becoming paramount. Among various protective measures, trigger set watermarking has emerged as a flexible and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Hongyu Zhu , Sichu Liang , Wentao Hu , Fangqi Li , Ju Jia , Shilin Wang

Watermarking has emerged as a promising way to detect LLM-generated text, by augmenting LLM generations with later detectable signals. Recent work has proposed multiple families of watermarking schemes, several of which focus on preserving…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Thibaud Gloaguen , Nikola Jovanović , Robin Staab , Martin Vechev

This paper proposes DeepMarks, a novel end-to-end framework for systematic fingerprinting in the context of Deep Learning (DL). Remarkable progress has been made in the area of deep learning. Sharing the trained DL models has become a trend…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-04-11 Huili Chen , Bita Darvish Rohani , Farinaz Koushanfar

As there are increasing needs of sharing data for machine learning, there is growing attention for the owners of the data to claim the ownership. Visible watermarking has been an effective way to claim the ownership of visual data, yet the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Sanghyun Hong , Tae-hoon Kim , Tudor Dumitraş , Jonghyun Choi

Digital watermarking enables protection against copyright infringement of images. Although existing methods embed watermarks imperceptibly and demonstrate robustness against attacks, they typically lack resilience against geometric…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Hannes Mareen , Lucas Antchougov , Glenn Van Wallendael , Peter Lambert

The rapid advancement of generative AI has underscored the critical need for identifying image ownership and protecting copyrights. This makes post-processing image watermarking an essential tool -- it involves embedding a specific…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xinyu Zhang , Ziping Dong , Qingyu Liu , Yuan Hong , Zhongjie Ba , Kui Ren

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities across various tasks. However, their deployment introduces significant risks related to intellectual property. In this context, we focus on model stealing attacks, where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Kieu Dang , Phung Lai , NhatHai Phan , Yelong Shen , Ruoming Jin , Abdallah Khreishah

Watermarking has emerged as a promising solution for tracing and authenticating text generated by large language models (LLMs). A common approach to LLM watermarking is to construct a green/red token list and assign higher or lower…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Li An , Yujian Liu , Yepeng Liu , Yuheng Bu , Yang Zhang , Shiyu Chang

The widely adopted and powerful generative large language models (LLMs) have raised concerns about intellectual property rights violations and the spread of machine-generated misinformation. Watermarking serves as a promising approch to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Ruisi Zhang , Farinaz Koushanfar

The huge supporting training data on the Internet has been a key factor in the success of deep learning models. However, this abundance of public-available data also raises concerns about the unauthorized exploitation of datasets for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Ruixiang Tang , Qizhang Feng , Ninghao Liu , Fan Yang , Xia Hu

Recent advances in vision-language pre-trained models (VLPs) have significantly increased visual understanding and cross-modal analysis capabilities. Companies have emerged to provide multi-modal Embedding as a Service (EaaS) based on VLPs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Yuanmin Tang , Jing Yu , Keke Gai , Xiangyan Qu , Yue Hu , Gang Xiong , Qi Wu

The functionality of a deep learning (DL) model can be stolen via model extraction where an attacker obtains a surrogate model by utilizing the responses from a prediction API of the original model. In this work, we propose a novel…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Abhishek Chakraborty , Daniel Xing , Yuntao Liu , Ankur Srivastava

The commercialization of deep learning creates a compelling need for intellectual property (IP) protection. Deep neural network (DNN) watermarking has been proposed as a promising tool to help model owners prove ownership and fight piracy.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Jia Guo , Miodrag Potkonjak

The promise of LLM watermarking rests on a core assumption that a specific watermark proves authorship by a specific model. We demonstrate that this assumption is dangerously flawed. We introduce the threat of watermark spoofing, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Hyeseon An , Shinwoo Park , Suyeon Woo , Yo-Sub Han