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Quantum error correction is believed to be essential for scalable quantum computation, but its implementation is challenging due to its considerable space-time overhead. Motivated by recent experiments demonstrating efficient manipulation…

Quantum error correction (QEC) is required for large-scale computation, but incurs a significant resource overhead. Recent advances have shown that by jointly decoding logical qubits in algorithms composed of transversal gates, the number…

Recently Shor showed how to perform fault tolerant quantum computation when the error probability is logarithmically small. We improve this bound and describe fault tolerant quantum computation when the error probability is smaller than…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-02-03 Dorit Aharonov , Michael Ben-Or

Quantum computers are highly vulnerable to noise, necessitating the use of error-correcting codes to protect stored data. Errors must be continuously corrected over time to counteract decoherence using appropriate decoders. Therefore, fast…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-03 Diego Forlivesi , Lorenzo Valentini , Marco Chiani

Quantum error-correcting codes protect fragile quantum information by encoding it redundantly, but identifying codes that perform well in practice with minimal overhead remains difficult due to the combinatorial search space and the high…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Yihua Chengyu , Richard Meister , Conor Carty , Sheng-Ku Lin , Roberto Bondesan

Efficient and high-performance quantum error correction is essential for achieving fault-tolerant quantum computing. Low-depth random circuits offer a promising approach to identifying effective and practical encoding strategies. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-02 Guoding Liu , Zhenyu Du , Zi-Wen Liu , Xiongfeng Ma

Window decoding, first proposed to reduce decoding complexity for real-time decoding, is an essential component to realize scalable, universal-fault tolerant computation. Prior work has focused on improving throughput through…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Tina Oberoi , Joshua Viszlai , Frederic T. Chong

Quantum computing offers significant speedups, but the large number of physical qubits required for quantum error correction introduces engineering challenges for a monolithic architecture. One solution is to distribute the logical quantum…

Practical large-scale quantum computation requires both efficient error correction and robust implementation of logical operations. Three-dimensional (3D) color codes are a promising candidate for fault-tolerant quantum computation due to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Friederike Butt , Lars Esser , Markus Müller

The surface code is a promising candidate for fault-tolerant quantum computation, achieving a high threshold error rate with nearest-neighbor gates in two spatial dimensions. Here, through a series of numerical simulations, we investigate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-02-18 Ashley M. Stephens

Quantum error correction is capable of digitizing quantum noise and increasing the robustness of qubits. Typically, error correction is designed with the target of eliminating all errors - making an error so unlikely it can be assumed that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-20 Salonik Resch , Ulya R. Karpuzcu

Fast decoding algorithms are decisive for real-time quantum error correction and for analyzing properties of error correction codes. Here, we develop variants of the union-find decoder that simplify its implementation and provide potential…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-24 Matthias C. Löbl , Susan X. Chen , Stefano Paesani , Anders S. Sørensen

Quantum error correction is a critical component for scaling up quantum computing. Given a quantum code, an optimal decoder maps the measured code violations to the most likely error that occurred, but its cost scales exponentially with the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-18 Evgenii Egorov , Roberto Bondesan , Max Welling

With the advent of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices, practical quantum computing has seemingly come into reach. However, to go beyond proof-of-principle calculations, the current processing architectures will need to scale up…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-25 Kai Meinerz , Chae-Yeun Park , Simon Trebst

Fast, reliable decoders are pivotal components for enabling fault-tolerant quantum computation. Neural network decoders like AlphaQubit have demonstrated significant potential, achieving higher accuracy than traditional human-designed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-05 Kai Zhang , Situ Wang , Linghang Kong , Fang Zhang , Zhengfeng Ji , Jianxin Chen

Topological quantum error-correcting codes are a promising candidate for building fault-tolerant quantum computers. Decoding topological codes optimally, however, is known to be a computationally hard problem. Various decoders have been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-01 Milap Sheth , Sara Zafar Jafarzadeh , Vlad Gheorghiu

Neural decoders for quantum error correction (QEC) rely on neural networks to classify syndromes extracted from error correction codes and find appropriate recovery operators to protect logical information against errors. Its ability to…

Universal fault-tolerant quantum computation will require real-time decoding algorithms capable of quickly extracting logical outcomes from the stream of data generated by noisy quantum hardware. We propose modular decoding, an approach…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-10 Héctor Bombín , Chris Dawson , Ye-Hua Liu , Naomi Nickerson , Fernando Pastawski , Sam Roberts

Quantum error correction is necessary to perform large-scale quantum computations in the presence of noise and decoherence. As a result, several aspects of quantum error correction have already been explored. These have been primarily…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-05 Ariel Shlosberg , Anthony M. Polloreno , Graeme Smith

Scaling quantum computing to practical applications necessitates reliable quantum error correction. Although numerous correction codes have been proposed, the overall correction efficiency critically limited by the decode algorithms. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-04 Gengyuan Hu , Wanli Ouyang , Chao-Yang Lu , Chen Lin , Han-Sen Zhong