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The Stern-Gerlach experiment has played a central role in the discovery of spin angular momentum. It can also play a pivotal role in teaching the formalism of quantum mechanics using a concrete example involving a finite-dimensional Hilbert…

Physics Education · Physics 2016-02-23 Guangtian Zhu , Chandralekha Singh

The Stern-Gerlach (SG) effect, discovered almost a century ago, has become a paradigm of quantum mechanics. Surprisingly there is little evidence that the original scheme with freely propagating atoms exposed to gradients from macroscopic…

In this invited review in honor of 100 years since the Stern-Gerlach (SG) experiments, we describe a decade of SG interferometry on the atom chip. The SG effect has been a paradigm of quantum mechanics throughout the last century, but there…

We describe an interactive computer program that simulates Stern-Gerlach measurements on spin-1/2 and spin-1 particles. The user can design and run experiments involving successive spin measurements, illustrating incompatible observables,…

Physics Education · Physics 2015-03-02 Daniel V. Schroeder , Thomas A. Moore

The Stern-Gerlach effect, discovered a century ago, has become a paradigm of quantum mechanics. Surprisingly there has been little evidence that the original scheme with freely propagating atoms exposed to gradients from macroscopic magnets…

We present a history and analysis of this experiment.

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2010-07-16 Jeremy Bernstein

The Stern-Gerlach-Experiment (SGE) of 1922 is a seminal benchmark experiment of quantum physics providing evidence for several fundamental properties of quantum systems. Based on today's knowledge we illustrate the different benchmark…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2016-12-12 Horst Schmidt-Böcking , Lothar Schmidt , Hans Jürgen Lüdde , Wolfgang Trageser , Tilman Sauer

Engaging students with well-designed multiple-choice questions during class and asking them to discuss their answers with their peers after each student has contemplated the response individually can be an effective evidence-based…

Physics Education · Physics 2020-06-11 Paul Justice , Emily Marshman , Chandralekha Singh

The historical significance of the Stern-Gerlach experiment lies in its provision of the initial evidence for space quantization. Over time, its sequential form has evolved into an elegant paradigm that effectively illustrates the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-08 Meng-Jun Hu , Haixing Miao , Yong-Sheng Zhang

It is often stated that complex numbers are essential in quantum theory. In this article, the need for complex numbers in quantum theory is motivated using the results of tandem Stern-Gerlach experiments

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-07-16 S. Sivakumar

Research methods and results from physics and psychology are used to explore a question in quantum mechanics. In this investigation, an observer variable is manipulated in an experimental context concerning the trajectory of electrons…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 D. M. Snyder

We give a simple example of the tight connection between entanglement and coherence for pure bipartite systems showing the double role played by entanglement; it allows for the creation of superpositions of macroscopic objects but at the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Thiago R. de Oliveira , A. O. Caldeira

Motivated by Feynman's 1983 paper on the simulation of physics by computers, we present a general approach to the description of quantum experiments which uses quantum bit registers to represent the spatio-temporal changes occurring in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 George Jaroszkiewicz

Recently, there has been a proposal to test the quantum nature of gravity in the laboratory by witnessing the growth of entanglement between two masses in spatial quantum superpositions. The required superpositions can be created via…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-11 Lorenzo Braccini , Martine Schut , Alessio Serafini , Anupam Mazumdar , Sougato Bose

Stern-Gerlach experiment is a paradigm of measurement theory in quantum mechanics. Notwithstanding several analysis given in literature, no clear understanding of the apparent collapse has been given so far. Indeed, one can imagine a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Marco Frasca

In the classic multi-stage Stern$-$Gerlach experiment conducted by Frisch and Segr\`e, the Majorana (Landau$-$Zener) and Rabi formulae diverge afar from the experimental observation while the physical mechanism for electron-spin collapse…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-27 Lihong V. Wang

Coherent states provide an appealing method to reconstruct efficiently a pure state of a quantum mechanical spin s. A Stern-Gerlach apparatus is used to measure (4s+1) expectations of projection operators on appropriate coherent states in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Jean-Pierre Amiet , Stefan Weigert

Most textbooks introduce the concept of spin by presenting the Stern-Gerlach experiment with the aid of Newtonian atomic trajectories. However, to understand how both spatial and spin degrees of freedom evolve over time and how the latter…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-26 K. M. Fonseca-Romero

As "Stern-Gerlach first" becomes the new paradigm within the undergraduate quantum mechanics curriculum, we show how one can extend the treatment found in conventional textbooks to cover some of the exciting new developments within the…

Physics Education · Physics 2017-12-08 W. F. Courtney , L. B. Vieira , P. S. Julienne , J. K. Freericks

In response to recent criticisms by Okon and Sudarsky, various aspects of the consistent histories (CH) resolution of the quantum measurement problem(s) are discussed using a simple Stern-Gerlach device, and compared with the alternative…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-07-29 Robert B. Griffiths
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