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With the advancement of deep learning techniques, an increasing number of methods have been proposed for optic disc and cup (OD/OC) segmentation from the fundus images. Clinically, OD/OC segmentation is often annotated by multiple clinical…

Annotation ambiguity due to inherent data uncertainties such as blurred boundaries in medical scans and different observer expertise and preferences has become a major obstacle for training deep-learning based medical image segmentation…

Deep learning (DL) has become the dominant approach for medical image segmentation, yet ensuring the reliability and clinical applicability of these models requires addressing key challenges such as annotation variability, calibration, and…

Semantic segmentation of medical images is an essential first step in computer-aided diagnosis systems for many applications. However, given many disparate imaging modalities and inherent variations in the patient data, it is difficult to…

Objective: Accurate probability estimates are essential for the safe deployment of medical image segmentation models in clinical decision-making. However, modern deep segmentation networks are often poorly calibrated, a problem exacerbated…

In recent years, deep learning based methods have shown success in essential medical image analysis tasks such as segmentation. Post-processing and refining the results of segmentation is a common practice to decrease the misclassifications…

Annotation variability remains a substantial challenge in medical image segmentation, stemming from ambiguous imaging boundaries and diverse clinical expertise. Traditional deep learning methods producing single deterministic segmentation…

There has recently been great progress in automatic segmentation of medical images with deep learning algorithms. In most works observer variation is acknowledged to be a problem as it makes training data heterogeneous but so far no…

Uncertainty estimation methods are expected to improve the understanding and quality of computer-assisted methods used in medical applications (e.g., neurosurgical interventions, radiotherapy planning), where automated medical image…

Deformable medical image registration is a crucial aspect of medical image analysis. In recent years, researchers have begun leveraging auxiliary tasks (such as supervised segmentation) to provide anatomical structure information for the…

Segmentation tasks in medical imaging are inherently ambiguous: the boundary of a target structure is oftentimes unclear due to image quality and biological factors. As such, predicted segmentations from deep learning algorithms are…

Medical image segmentation is critical for disease diagnosis and treatment assessment. However, concerns regarding the reliability of segmentation regions persist among clinicians, mainly attributed to the absence of confidence assessment,…

Manual segmentation is used as the gold-standard for evaluating neural networks on automated image segmentation tasks. Due to considerable heterogeneity in shapes, colours and textures, demarcating object boundaries is particularly…

Deep learning has shown promising contributions in medical image segmentation with powerful learning and feature representation abilities. However, it has limitations for reasoning with and combining imperfect (imprecise, uncertain, and…

Medical image segmentation supports clinical workflows by precisely delineating anatomical structures and lesions. However, medical image datasets medical image datasets suffer from acquisition noise and annotation ambiguity, causing…

Fully convolutional neural networks (FCNs), and in particular U-Nets, have achieved state-of-the-art results in semantic segmentation for numerous medical imaging applications. Moreover, batch normalization and Dice loss have been used…

The investigation of uncertainty is of major importance in risk-critical applications, such as medical image segmentation. Belief function theory, a formal framework for uncertainty analysis and multiple evidence fusion, has made…

In medical image segmentation, it is often necessary to collect opinions from multiple experts to make the final decision. This clinical routine helps to mitigate individual bias. But when data is multiply annotated, standard deep learning…

In medical image segmentation, uncertainty estimates are often reported but rarely used to guide decisions. We study the missing step: how uncertainty maps are converted into actionable policies such as accepting, flagging, or deferring…

Automated medical image segmentation inherently involves a certain degree of uncertainty. One key factor contributing to this uncertainty is the ambiguity that can arise in determining the boundaries of a target region of interest,…