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Lowering the resource overhead needed to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computation is crucial to building scalable quantum computers. We show that adapting conventional maximum likelihood (ML) decoders to a small subset of efficiently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-14 Pavithran Iyer , Aditya Jain , Stephen D. Bartlett , Joseph Emerson

Though the theory of quantum error correction is intimately related to the classical coding theory, in particular, one can construct quantum error correction codes (QECCs) from classical codes with the dual containing property, this does…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-09-08 Min-Hsiu Hsieh , Francois Le Gall

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for achieving low error rates required for fault-tolerant quantum computation. In stabilizer-based codes such as the surface code, errors are inferred from repeated syndrome measurements and…

Quantum burst error correction codes (QBECCs) are of great importance to deal with the memory effect in quantum channels. As the most important family of QBECCs, quantum cyclic codes (QCCs) play a vital role in the correction of burst…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-03 Jihao Fan , Min-Hsiu Hsieh

Quantum error correction (QEC) will be essential to achieve the accuracy needed for quantum computers to realise their full potential. The field has seen promising progress with demonstrations of early QEC and real-time decoded experiments.…

In the current Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) era of quantum computing, qubit technologies are prone to imperfections, giving rise to various errors such as gate errors, decoherence/dephasing, measurement errors, leakage, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-22 Avimita Chatterjee , Koustubh Phalak , Swaroop Ghosh

Leakage errors, in which a qubit is excited to a level outside the qubit subspace, represent a significant obstacle in the development of robust quantum computers. We present a computationally efficient simulation methodology for studying…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-22 Hidetaka Manabe , Yasunari Suzuki , Andrew S. Darmawan

Quantum error correction (QEC) is theoretically capable of achieving the ultimate estimation limits in noisy quantum metrology. However, existing quantum error-correcting codes designed for noisy quantum metrology generally exploit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-16 Sisi Zhou , Argyris Giannisis Manes , Liang Jiang

This report surveys quantum error-correcting codes. As Preskill claimed, 21st century would be the golden age of quantum error correction. Quantum channels behave differently from classical channels, so researchers face difficulties in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Hsun-Hsien Chang

A classical coding across a block of logical qubits is presented. We characterize subgroups of the product stabilizer group on a block of logical qubits corresponding to dual codes of classical error correcting codes. We prove conditions on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-28 Dennis Lucarelli

There is a connection between classical codes, highly entangled pure states (called k-uniform or absolutely maximally entangled (AME) states), and quantum error correcting codes (QECCs). This leads to a systematic method to construct…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-19 Zahra Raissi

Quantum error correction (QEC) is indispensable for scalable quantum computing, but implementing it with minimal hardware overhead remains a central challenge. Large spin systems with collective degrees of freedom offer a promising route to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-18 Charlotte Franke , Dorian A. Gangloff

To produce an operable quantum computer that is made with imperfect hardware, we must design and test scalable quantum error correcting codes that are suited for the devices we can build and, in unison, develop decoding strategies that…

Quantum stabilizer codes (QSCs) suffer from a low quantum coding rate, since they have to recover the quantum bits (qubits) in the face of both bit-flip and phase-flip errors. In this treatise, we conceive a low-complexity concatenated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-20 Daryus Chandra , Zunaira Babar , Soon Xin Ng , Lajos Hanzo

Near-term quantum computers have been built as intermediate-scale quantum devices and are fragile against quantum noise effects, namely, NISQ devices. Traditional quantum-error-correcting codes are not implemented on such devices and to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-18 Yusuke Hama , Hirofumi Nishi

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) provides a practical route for estimating reliable observables on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. Traditional QEM strategies, including zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) and Clifford data…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Huaxin Wang , Xinge Wu , Jiajun Liu , Ruiqing He , Jiandong Shang , Hengliang Guo , Qiang Chen

Quantum sensing is an important application of emerging quantum technologies. We explore whether a hybrid system of quantum sensors and quantum circuits can surpass the classical limit of sensing. In particular, we use optimization…

Quantum states are very delicate, so it is likely some sort of quantum error correction will be necessary to build reliable quantum computers. The theory of quantum error-correcting codes has some close ties to and some striking differences…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-04-17 Daniel Gottesman

The promise of quantum computing is closer to reality today than ever before, thanks to rapid progress in the development of quantum hardware. Even as qubit lifetimes and gate fidelities continue to improve, realizing robust, fault-tolerant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Vismay Joshi , Anubhab Rudra , Sourav Dutta , Siddharth Dhomkar , Prabha Mandayam

We describe the smallest quantum error correcting (QEC) code to correct for amplitude-damping (AD) noise, namely, a 3-qubit code that corrects all the single-qubit damping errors. We generalize this construction to a family of codes that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Sourav Dutta , Aditya Jain , Prabha Mandayam