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We investigate the instantaneous and limiting behavior of an n-node blockchain which is under continuous monitoring of the IT department of a company but faces non-stop cyber attacks from a single hacker. The blockchain is functional as far…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Xiufeng Xu , Liang Hong

Anti-money laundering (AML) regulations play a critical role in safeguarding financial systems, but bear high costs for institutions and drive financial exclusion for those on the socioeconomic and international margins. The advent of…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-08-08 Mark Weber , Giacomo Domeniconi , Jie Chen , Daniel Karl I. Weidele , Claudio Bellei , Tom Robinson , Charles E. Leiserson

Proof of work blockchain protocols using multiple hash types are considered. It is proven that the security region of such a protocol cannot be the AND of a 51\% attack on all the hash types. Nevertheless, a protocol called Merged Bitcoin…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Christopher Blake , Chen Feng , Xuachao Wang , Qianyu Yu

Recent estimates put the carbon footprint of Bitcoin and Ethereum at an average of 64 and 26 million tonnes of CO2 per year, respectively. To address this growing problem, several possible approaches have been proposed in the literature:…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Danila Valko , Daniel Kudenko

Existing blockchain systems scale poorly because of their distributed consensus protocols. Current attempts at improving blockchain scalability are limited to cryptocurrency. Scaling blockchain systems under general workloads (i.e.,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-03-13 Hung Dang , Tien Tuan Anh Dinh , Dumitrel Loghin , Ee-Chien Chang , Qian Lin , Beng Chin Ooi

Blockchain sharding improves the scalability of blockchain systems by partitioning the whole blockchain state, nodes, and transaction workloads into different shards. However, existing blockchain sharding systems generally suffer from a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-23 You Lin , Mingzhe Li , Jin Zhang

Recently, physical layer security in the optical layer has gained significant traction. Security treats in optical networks generally impact the reliability of optical transmission. Linear Network Coding (LNC) can protect from both the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-10-26 Anna Engelmann , Admela Jukan

Cross-chain bridges are a type of middleware for blockchain interoperability that supports the transfer of assets and data across blockchains. However, several of these bridges have vulnerabilities that have caused 3.2 billion dollars in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-09 André Augusto , Rafael Belchior , Jonas Pfannschmidt , André Vasconcelos , Miguel Correia

Spamming attacks are a serious concern for consensus protocols, as witnessed by recent outages of a major blockchain, Solana. They cause congestion and excessive message delays in a real network due to its bandwidth constraints. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-19 Joachim Neu , Srivatsan Sridhar , Lei Yang , David Tse , Mohammad Alizadeh

Sharding is used to address the performance and scalability issues of the blockchain protocols, which divides the overall transaction processing costs among multiple clusters of nodes. Shards require less storage capacity and communication…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch

Cryptocurrencies, based on and led by Bitcoin, have shown promise as infrastructure for pseudonymous online payments, cheap remittance, trustless digital asset exchange, and smart contracts. However, Bitcoin-derived blockchain protocols…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-11-12 Ittay Eyal , Adem Efe Gencer , Emin Gun Sirer , Robbert van Renesse

In this paper, we explore vulnerabilities and countermeasures of the recently proposed blockchain consensus based on proof-of-authority. The proof-of-work blockchains, like Bitcoin and Ethereum, have been shown both theoretically and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-09-26 Parinya Ekparinya , Vincent Gramoli , Guillaume Jourjon

In the rapidly evolving domain of financial technology, the detection of illicit transactions within blockchain networks remains a critical challenge, necessitating robust and innovative solutions. This work proposes a novel approach by…

The emergence of quantum computing presents a formidable challenge to the security of blockchain systems. Traditional cryptographic algorithms, foundational to digital signatures, message encryption, and hashing functions, become vulnerable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Yaser Baseri , Abdelhakim Hafid , Yahya Shahsavari , Dimitrios Makrakis , Hassan Khodaiemehr

Bitcoin's design promises resilience through decentralization, yet the physical infrastructure supporting the network creates hidden dependencies. We present the first longitudinal study of Bitcoin's resilience to submarine cable failures,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Wenbin Wu , Alexander Neumueller

Blockchain, as a distributed ledger technology, becomes increasingly popular, especially for enabling valuable cryptocurrencies and smart contracts. However, the blockchain software systems inevitably have many bugs. Although bugs in smart…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Xiao Yi , Daoyuan Wu , Lingxiao Jiang , Yuzhou Fang , Kehuan Zhang , Wei Zhang

Cryptocurrencies gained lots of attention mainly because of the anonymous way of online payment, which they suggested. Meanwhile, Bitcoin and other major cryptocurrencies have experienced severe deanonymization attacks. To address these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Ardeshir Shojaeenasab , Amir Pasha Motamed , Behnam Bahrak

Cryptocurrencies are widely used, yet current methods for analyzing transactions often rely on opaque, black-box models. While these models may achieve high performance, their outputs are usually difficult to interpret and adapt, making it…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Yuchen Lei , Yuexin Xiang , Qin Wang , Rafael Dowsley , Tsz Hon Yuen , Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo , Jiangshan Yu

We focus on the problem of botnet orchestration and discuss how attackers can leverage decentralised technologies to dynamically control botnets with the goal of having botnets that are resilient against hostile takeovers. We cover critical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Dimitri Kamenski , Arash Shaghaghi , Matthew Warren , Salil S. Kanhere

Cross-chain technology enables interoperability among otherwise isolated blockchains, supporting interactions across heterogeneous networks. Similar to how multi-hop communication became fundamental in the evolution of the Internet, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Minghui Xu , Yihao Guo , Yanqiang Zhang , Zhiguang Shan , Guangyong Shang , Zhen Ma , Bin Xiao , Xiuzhen Cheng