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Related papers: Mass Exit Attacks on the Lightning Network

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Micropayment channels are the most prominent solution to the limitation on transaction throughput in current blockchain systems. However, in practice channels are risky because participants have to be online constantly to avoid fraud, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-12-03 Georgia Avarikioti , Felix Laufenberg , Jakub Sliwinski , Yuyi Wang , Roger Wattenhofer

The Lightning Network (LN) is one of the most promising off-chain scaling solutions for Bitcoin, as it enables off-chain payments which are not subject to the well-known blockchain scalability limit. In this work, we introduce CLoTH, a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-12-27 Marco Conoscenti , Antonio Vetrò , Juan Carlos De Martin , Federico Spini , Fabio Castaldo , Sebastiano Scròfina

We present and validate a novel mathematical model of the blockchain mining process and use it to conduct an economic evaluation of the double-spend attack, which is fundamental to all blockchain systems. Our analysis focuses on the value…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-11-22 George Bissias , Brian Neil Levine , A. Pinar Ozisik , Gavin Andresen

This paper presents a formal analysis of the Lightning Network as a monetary system structurally diverging from Bitcoin's base-layer settlement model. We demonstrate that under increasing transaction demand, BTC transaction fees rise…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Craig Steven Wright

Bitcoin uses blockchain technology to maintain transactions order and provides probabilistic guarantee to prevent double-spending, assuming that an attacker's computational power does not exceed %50 of the network power. In this paper, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Ghader Ebrahimpour , Mohammad Sayad Haghighi

The Bitcoin Lightning Network (BLN) was launched in 2018 to scale up the number of transactions between Bitcoin owners. Although several contributions concerning the analysis of the BLN binary structure have recently appeared in the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-01-02 Jian-Hong Lin , Emiliano Marchese , Claudio J. Tessone , Tiziano Squartini

Recently we could see several institutions coming together to create consortium based blockchain networks such as Hyperledger. Although for applications of blockchain such as Bitcoin, Litcoin, etc. the majority-attack might not be a great…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-06-15 Somdip Dey

We study a random process over graphs inspired by the way payments are executed in the Lightning Network, the main layer-two solution on top of Bitcoin. We first prove almost tight upper and lower bounds on the time it takes for a payment…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Taki E. M. Abedesselam , Fabio Giacomelli , Francesco Pasquale , Michele Salvi

With the ever-increasing popularity of blockchain applications, securing blockchain networks plays a critical role in these cyber systems. In this paper, we first study cyberattacks (e.g., flooding of transactions, brute pass) in blockchain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Tran Viet Khoa , Do Hai Son , Dinh Thai Hoang , Nguyen Linh Trung , Tran Thi Thuy Quynh , Diep N. Nguyen , Nguyen Viet Ha , Eryk Dutkiewicz

Off-chain transaction channels represent one of the leading techniques to scale the transaction throughput in cryptocurrencies. However, the economic effect of transaction channels on the system has not been explored much until now. We…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Simina Brânzei , Erel Segal-Halevi , Aviv Zohar

Bitcoin (BTC) pseudonyms (layer 1) can effectively be deanonymized using heuristic clustering techniques. However, while performing transactions off-chain (layer 2) in the Lightning Network (LN) seems to enhance privacy, a systematic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-11 Matteo Romiti , Friedhelm Victor , Pedro Moreno-Sanchez , Peter Sebastian Nordholt , Bernhard Haslhofer , Matteo Maffei

In this paper, we identify a new form of attack, called the Balance attack, against proof-of-work blockchain systems. The novelty of this attack consists of delaying network communications between multiple subgroups of nodes with balanced…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-01-02 Christopher Natoli , Vincent Gramoli

Bitcoin, Ethereum and other blockchain-based cryptocurrencies, as deployed today, cannot scale for wide-spread use. A leading approach for cryptocurrency scaling is a smart contract mechanism called a payment channel which enables two…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-12-04 Andrew Miller , Iddo Bentov , Ranjit Kumaresan , Christopher Cordi , Patrick McCorry

The Bitcoin protocol prevents the occurrence of double-spending (DS), i.e. the utilization of the same currency unit more than once. At the same time a DS attack, where more conflicting transactions are generated, might be performed to…

Physics and Society · Physics 2018-09-21 Marco Alberto Javarone , Craig Steven Wright

We analyze how secure a block is after the block becomes $k$-deep, i.e., security-latency, for Nakamoto consensus under an exponential network delay model. We provide the fault tolerance and extensive bounds on safety violation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Mustafa Doger , Sennur Ulukus

Cryptocurrency networks such as Bitcoin have emerged as a distributed alternative to traditional centralized financial transaction networks. However, there are major challenges in scaling up the throughput of such networks. Lightning…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Sushil Mahavir Varma , Siva Theja Maguluri

Blockchain is a growing decentralized system built for transparency and immutability. There have been several major attacks on blockchain-based systems, leaving a gap in the trustability of this system. This article presents a comprehensive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Joydip Das , Syed Ashraf Al Tasin , Md. Forhad Rabbi , Md Sadek Ferdous

Off-chain transaction networks can mitigate the scalability issues of today's trustless electronic cash systems such as Bitcoin. However, these peer-to-peer networks also introduce a new attack surface which is not well-understood today.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-09-17 Saar Tochner , Stefan Schmid , Aviv Zohar

In this brief, we conduct a complex-network analysis of the Bitcoin transaction network. In particular, we design a new sampling method, namely random walk with flying-back (RWFB), to conduct effective data sampling. We then conduct a…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Bishenghui Tao , Hong-Ning Dai , Jiajing Wu , Ivan Wang-Hei Ho , Zibin Zheng , Chak Fong Cheang

Many prominent smart-contract applications such as payment channels, auctions, and voting systems often involve a mechanism in which some party must respond to a challenge or appeal some action within a fixed time limit. This pattern of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Ayelet Lotem , Sarah Azouvi , Patrick McCorry , Aviv Zohar