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Previous studies have illustrated the potential of analysing gaze behaviours in collaborative learning to provide educationally meaningful information for students to reflect on their learning. Over the past decades, machine learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Junyuan Liang , Qi Zhou , Sahan Bulathwela , Mutlu Cukurova

Visualizing gaze data is an effective way for the quick interpretation of eye tracking results. This paper presents a study investigation benefits and limitations of visual gaze analysis among eye tracking professionals and researchers. The…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2010-04-05 Sophie Stellmach , Lennart E. Nacke , Raimund Dachselt , Craig A. Lindley

Accurately knowing uncertainties in appearance-based gaze tracking is critical for ensuring reliable downstream applications. Due to the lack of individual uncertainty labels, current uncertainty-aware approaches adopt probabilistic models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Qiaojie Zheng , Jiucai Zhang , Xiaoli Zhang

Gaze tracking is a useful human-to-computer interface, which plays an increasingly important role in a range of mobile applications. Gaze calibration is an indispensable component of gaze tracking, which transforms the eye coordinates to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-10-03 Songzhou Yang , Meng Jin , Yuan He

Technical progress in hardware and software enables us to record gaze data in everyday situations and over long time spans. Among a multitude of research opportunities, this technology enables visualization researchers to catch a glimpse…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Maurice Koch , Kuno Kurzhals , Michael Burch , Daniel Weiskopf

Recent studies on appearance based gaze estimation indicate the ability of Neural Networks to decode gaze information from facial images encompassing pose information. In this paper, we propose Gaze-Net: A capsule network capable of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-17 Bhanuka Mahanama , Yasith Jayawardana , Sampath Jayarathna

This paper addresses the challenging problem of estimating the general visual attention of people in images. Our proposed method is designed to work across multiple naturalistic social scenarios and provides a full picture of the subject's…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-07-30 Eunji Chong , Nataniel Ruiz , Yongxin Wang , Yun Zhang , Agata Rozga , James Rehg

In recent years, the accuracy of gaze estimation techniques has gradually improved, but existing methods often rely on large datasets or large models to improve performance, which leads to high demands on computational resources. In terms…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Zhang Cheng , Yanxia Wang , Guoyu Xia

Although the number of gaze estimation datasets is growing, the application of appearance-based gaze estimation methods is mostly limited to estimating the point of gaze on a screen. This is in part because most datasets are generated in a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Cedric Leblond-Menard , Gabriel Picard-Krashevski , Sofiane Achiche

3D and 2D gaze estimation share the fundamental objective of capturing eye movements but are traditionally treated as two distinct research domains. In this paper, we introduce a novel cross-task few-shot 2D gaze estimation approach, aiming…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Yihua Cheng , Hengfei Wang , Zhongqun Zhang , Yang Yue , Bo Eun Kim , Feng Lu , Hyung Jin Chang

Gaze-annotated facial data is crucial for training deep neural networks (DNNs) for gaze estimation. However, obtaining these data is labor-intensive and requires specialized equipment due to the challenge of accurately annotating the gaze…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Nerea Aranjuelo , Siyu Huang , Ignacio Arganda-Carreras , Luis Unzueta , Oihana Otaegui , Hanspeter Pfister , Donglai Wei

Human gaze provides valuable information on human focus and intentions, making it a crucial area of research. Recently, deep learning has revolutionized appearance-based gaze estimation. However, due to the unique features of gaze…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Yihua Cheng , Haofei Wang , Yiwei Bao , Feng Lu

Personal variations severely limit the performance of appearance-based gaze tracking. Adapting to these variations using standard neural network model adaptation methods is difficult. The problems range from overfitting, due to small…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Erik Lindén , Jonas Sjöstrand , Alexandre Proutiere

Traditional gaze estimation methods typically require explicit user calibration to achieve high accuracy. This process is cumbersome and recalibration is often required when there are changes in factors such as illumination and pose. To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-24 Zhuoqing Chang , Matias Di Martino , Qiang Qiu , Steven Espinosa , Guillermo Sapiro

Multiple datasets have been created for training and testing appearance-based gaze estimators. Intuitively, more data should lead to better performance. However, combining datasets to train a single esti-mator rarely improves gaze…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Liang Wu , Bertram E. Shi

Visualization literacy assessments typically rely on correctness to classify performance, providing little evidence about how readers arrive at their answers. We argue that gaze can address this gap as an implicit process signal that…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Kathrin Schnizer

Developing gaze estimation models that generalize well to unseen domains and in-the-wild conditions remains a challenge with no known best solution. This is mostly due to the difficulty of acquiring ground truth data that cover the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Evangelos Ververas , Polydefkis Gkagkos , Jiankang Deng , Michail Christos Doukas , Jia Guo , Stefanos Zafeiriou

Due to the recent outbreak of COVID-19, many classes, exams, and meetings have been conducted non-face-to-face. However, the foundation for video conferencing solutions is still insufficient. So this technology has become an important…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-15 Suneung-Kim , Seong-Whan Lee

Enabling robots to understand human gaze target is a crucial step to allow capabilities in downstream tasks, for example, attention estimation and movement anticipation in real-world human-robot interactions. Prior works have addressed the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Zhuangzhuang Dai , Vincent Gbouna Zakka , Luis J. Manso , Chen Li

Many recent machine learning approaches used in medical imaging are highly reliant on large amounts of image and ground truth data. In the context of object segmentation, pixel-wise annotations are extremely expensive to collect, especially…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-07-18 Laurent Lejeune , Mario Christoudias , Raphael Sznitman