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As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in critical decision-making systems, the lack of reliable methods to measure their uncertainty presents a fundamental trustworthiness risk. We introduce a normalized confidence score…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Xie Xiaohu , Liu Xiaohu , Yao Benjamin

One of the most pressing societal issues is the fight against false news. The false claims, as difficult as they are to expose, create a lot of damage. To tackle the problem, fact verification becomes crucial and thus has been a topic of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-01 Pawan Kumar Sahu , Saksham Aggarwal , Taneesh Gupta , Gyanendra Das

Large language models have achieved remarkable success on final-answer mathematical problems, largely due to the ease of applying reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards. However, the reasoning underlying these solutions is often…

Answer verification methods are widely employed in language model training pipelines spanning data curation, evaluation, and reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR). While prior work focus on developing unified verifiers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Ruixiang Feng , Zhenwei An , Yuntao Wen , Ran Le , Yiming Jia , Chen Yang , Zongchao Chen , Lisi Chen , Shen Gao , Shuo Shang , Yang Song , Tao Zhang

The current verification flow of complex systems uses different engines synergistically: virtual prototyping, formal verification, simulation, emulation and FPGA prototyping. However, none is able to verify a complete architecture.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-02-12 Tomas Grimm , Djones Lettnin , Michael Hübner

Large Language Models (LLMs) show great promise in complex reasoning, with Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) being a key enhancement strategy. However, a prevalent issue is ``superficial self-reflection'', where models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Xiaoyuan Liu , Tian Liang , Zhiwei He , Jiahao Xu , Wenxuan Wang , Pinjia He , Zhaopeng Tu , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

Multi-level sentence simplification generates simplified sentences with varying language proficiency levels. We propose Label Confidence Weighted Learning (LCWL), a novel approach that incorporates a label confidence weighting scheme in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Xinying Qiu , Jingshen Zhang

The combination of uninterpreted function symbols and universal quantification occurs in many applications of automated reasoning, for example, due to their ability to reason about arrays. Yet the satisfiability of such formulas is, in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Stefan Ratschan , Anggha Nugraha , Mikoláš Janota , Marek Dančo

We propose a Similarity-Based Stratified Splitting (SBSS) technique, which uses both the output and input space information to split the data. The splits are generated using similarity functions among samples to place similar samples in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-14 Felipe Farias , Teresa Ludermir , Carmelo Bastos-Filho

We present StepFun-Prover Preview, a large language model designed for formal theorem proving through tool-integrated reasoning. Using a reinforcement learning pipeline that incorporates tool-based interactions, StepFun-Prover can achieve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Shijie Shang , Ruosi Wan , Yue Peng , Yutong Wu , Xiong-hui Chen , Jie Yan , Xiangyu Zhang

In this paper we describe how to leverage higher-order unification to type check a dependently typed language with meta-variables. The literature usually presents the unification algorithm as a standalone component, however the need to…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2016-10-03 Francesco Mazzoli , Andreas Abel

Recent studies have demonstrated that test-time compute scaling effectively improves the performance of small language models (sLMs). However, prior research has mainly examined test-time compute scaling with an additional larger model as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Minki Kang , Jongwon Jeong , Jaewoong Cho

The Stratified Bootstrap Test (SBT) provides a nonparametric, resampling-based framework for assessing the stability of group-specific ranking patterns in multivariate survey or rating data. By repeatedly resampling observations and…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-18 Ehsan Mohammadi , Fanghua Chen , Yizhou Cai , Yun Yang , Ting Fung Ma , Lu Zhou

Community-driven Text-to-SQL evaluation platforms play a pivotal role in tracking the state of the art of Text-to-SQL performance. The reliability of the evaluation process is critical for driving progress in the field. Current evaluation…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Rocky Klopfenstein , Yang He , Andrew Tremante , Yuepeng Wang , Nina Narodytska , Haoze Wu

We give a new theoretical solution to a leading-edge experimental challenge, namely to the verification of quantum computations in the regime of high computational complexity. Our results are given in the language of quantum interactive…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-25 Anne Broadbent

Large language models (LLMs) struggle with multi-step reasoning, where inference-time scaling has emerged as a promising strategy for performance improvement. Verifier-guided search outperforms repeated sampling when sample size is limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Fei Yu , Yingru Li , Benyou Wang

In this thesis a comprehensive verification framework is proposed to contend with some important issues in composability verification and a verification process is suggested to verify composability of different kinds of systems models, such…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Imran Mahmood

This paper describes the second-placed approach developed by the Fraunhofer SIT team in the CLEF-2023 CheckThat! lab Task 1B for English. Given a text snippet from a political debate, the aim of this task is to determine whether it should…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-28 Raphael Frick , Inna Vogel , Jeong-Eun Choi

The development of embedded systems requires formal analysis of models such as those described with MATLAB/Simulink. However, the increasing complexity of industrial models makes analysis difficult. This paper proposes a model checking…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Daisuke Ishii , Takashi Tomita , Toshiaki Aoki , The Quyen Ngo , Thi Bich Ngoc Do , Hideaki Takai

Large language models (LLMs) can act as both problem solvers and solution verifiers, where the latter select high-quality answers from a pool of solver-generated candidates. This raises the question of under what conditions verification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Jack Lu , Ryan Teehan , Jinran Jin , Mengye Ren