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We consider evaluating the causal effects of dynamic treatments, i.e. of multiple treatment sequences in various periods, based on double machine learning to control for observed, time-varying covariates in a data-driven way under a…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-06-22 Hugo Bodory , Martin Huber , Lukáš Lafférs

To promote precision medicine, individualized treatment regimes (ITRs) are crucial for optimizing the expected clinical outcome based on patient-specific characteristics. However, existing ITR research has primarily focused on scenarios…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-20 Chang Wang , Lu Wang

Construction of just-in-time adaptive interventions, such as prompts delivered by mobile apps to promote and maintain behavioral change, requires knowledge about time-varying moderated effects to inform when and how we deliver intervention…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-06 Jieru Shi , Zhenke Wu , Walter Dempsey

An individualized treatment rule (ITR) tailors treatments to a patient's specific characteristics. However, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are often underpowered to detect the treatment effect heterogeneity needed for reliable ITR…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-14 Yuan Bian , Donglin Zeng , Hyun-Joon Yang , Leanne M. Williams , Yuanjia Wang

A core component of precision medicine research involves optimizing individualized treatment rules (ITRs) based on patient characteristics. Many studies used to estimate ITRs are longitudinal in nature, collecting outcomes over time. Yet,…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-29 Lanqiu Yao , Thaddeus Tarpey

We study the problem of estimating the continuous response over time to interventions using observational time series---a retrospective dataset where the policy by which the data are generated is unknown to the learner. We are motivated by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-12-13 Yanbo Xu , Yanxun Xu , Suchi Saria

Sequential multiple assignment randomized trials (SMARTs) are used to construct data-driven optimal intervention strategies for subjects based on their intervention and covariate histories in different branches of health and behavioral…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-04-28 Palash Ghosh , Xiaoxi Yan , Bibhas Chakraborty

We consider the problem of estimating the effects of a binary treatment on a continuous outcome of interest from observational data in the absence of confounding by unmeasured factors. We provide a new estimator of the population average…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-04 James Robins , Mariela Sued , Quanhong Lei-Gomez , Andrea Rotnitzky

In this work we provide a couple of contributions to the analysis of longitudinal data collected by smartphones in mobile health applications. First, we propose a novel statistical approach to disentangle personalized treatment and…

The ability to engage in other activities during the ride is considered by consumers as one of the key reasons for the adoption of automated vehicles. However, engagement in non-driving activities will provoke occupants' motion sickness,…

Learning individualized treatment rules (ITRs) is an important topic in precision medicine. Current literature mainly focuses on deriving ITRs from a single source population. We consider the observational data setting when the source…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-07-04 Rui Chen , Jared D. Huling , Guanhua Chen , Menggang Yu

A common challenge for decision makers is selecting actions whose rewards are unknown and evolve over time based on prior policies. For instance, repeated use may reduce an action's effectiveness (habituation), while inactivity may restore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Fengxu Li , Stephanie M. Carpenter , Matthew P. Buman , Yonatan Mintz

Modern randomization methods in clinical trials are invariably adaptive, meaning that the assignment of the next subject to a treatment group uses the accumulated information in the trial. Some of the recent adaptive randomization methods…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-12 Alan R. Vazquez , Weng Kee Wong

Many empirical applications estimate causal effects of a continuous endogenous variable (treatment) using a binary instrument. Estimation is typically done through linear 2SLS. This approach requires a mean treatment change and causal…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-02-28 Yingying Dong , Ying-Ying Lee

Dynamic treatment regimens (DTRs), also known as treatment algorithms or adaptive interventions, play an increasingly important role in many health domains. DTRs are motivated to address the unique and changing needs of individuals by…

The sequential treatment decisions made by physicians to treat chronic diseases are formalized in the statistical literature as dynamic treatment regimes. To date, methods for dynamic treatment regimes have been developed under the…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-02-22 Janie Coulombe , Erica E. M. Moodie , Susan M. Shortreed , Christel Renoux

Users of automated vehicles will move away from being drivers to passengers, preferably engaged in other activities such as reading or using laptops and smartphones, which will strongly increase susceptibility to motion sickness. Similarly,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-09-22 Varun Kotian , Daan M. Pool , Riender Happee

We consider the estimation of the average treatment effect in the treated as a function of baseline covariates, where there is a valid (conditional) instrument. We describe two doubly robust (DR) estimators: a locally efficient g-estimator,…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-06-11 Karla DiazOrdaz , Rhian Daniel , Noemi Kreif

Precision medicine is an emerging scientific topic for disease treatment and prevention that takes into account individual patient characteristics. It is an important direction for clinical research, and many statistical methods have been…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-02-17 Jingxiang Chen , Haoda Fu , Xuanyao He , Michael R. Kosorok , Yufeng Liu

Longitudinal observational patient data can be used to investigate the causal effects of time-varying treatments on time-to-event outcomes. Several methods have been developed for controlling for the time-dependent confounding that…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-10-08 Ruth H. Keogh , Jon Michael Gran , Shaun R. Seaman , Gwyneth Davies , Stijn Vansteelandt