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Advertisements (ads) are an innate part of search engine business models. Advertisers are willing to pay search engines to promote their content to a prominent position in the search result page (SERP). This raises concerns about the search…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Anat Hashavit , Hongning Wang , Tamar Stern , Sarit Kraus

When we plan to use money as an incentive to change the behavior of a person (such as making riders to deliver more orders or making consumers to buy more items), the common approach of this problem is to adopt a two-stage framework in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Juhua Chen , Karson shi , Jialing He , North Chen , Kele Jiang

Promotions play a crucial role in e-commerce platforms, and various cost structures are employed to drive user engagement. This paper focuses on promotions with response-dependent costs, where expenses are incurred only when a purchase is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-11 Hugo Manuel Proença , Felipe Moraes

The predominant approach in reinforcement learning is to assign credit to actions based on the expected return. However, we show that the return may depend on the policy in a way which could lead to excessive variance in value estimation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Hsiao-Ru Pan , Nico Gürtler , Alexander Neitz , Bernhard Schölkopf

Promotions are commonly used by e-commerce merchants to boost sales. The efficacy of different promotion strategies can help sellers adapt their offering to customer demand in order to survive and thrive. Current approaches to designing…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-08-03 Chenyang Zhang , Xiyuan Wang , Chuyi Zhao , Yijing Ren , Tianyu Zhang , Zhenhui Peng , Xiaomeng Fan , Quan Li

Optimizing conversions is crucial in modern online advertising systems, enabling advertisers to deliver relevant products to users and drive business outcomes. However, accurately predicting conversion events remains challenging due to…

In this study, we apply reinforcement learning techniques and propose what we call reinforcement mechanism design to tackle the dynamic pricing problem in sponsored search auctions. In contrast to previous game-theoretical approaches that…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-11-29 Weiran Shen , Binghui Peng , Hanpeng Liu , Michael Zhang , Ruohan Qian , Yan Hong , Zhi Guo , Zongyao Ding , Pengjun Lu , Pingzhong Tang

With the rise of the digital economy and an explosion of available information about consumers, effective personalization of goods and services has become a core business focus for companies to improve revenues and maintain a competitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-04 Zhaonan Qu , Isabella Qian , Zhengyuan Zhou

Preference-based alignment objectives have been widely adopted, from RLHF-style pairwise learning in large language models to emerging applications in recommender systems. Yet, existing work rarely examines how Direct Preference…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Hejin Huang , Jusheng Zhang , Kaitong Cai , Jian Wang , Rong Pan

Causal decision making (CDM) based on machine learning has become a routine part of business. Businesses algorithmically target offers, incentives, and recommendations to affect consumer behavior. Recently, we have seen an acceleration of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-10-01 Carlos Fernández-Loría , Foster Provost

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the prediction of individualized treatment effects. While there is a rapidly growing literature on the development of such models, there is little literature on the evaluation of their…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-12-22 J Hoogland , O Efthimiou , TL Nguyen , TPA Debray

LLM-based shopping agents increasingly rely on long purchase histories and multi-turn interactions for personalization, yet naively appending raw history to prompts is often ineffective due to noise, length, and relevance mismatch. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Zhiyuan Peng , Xuyang Wu , Huaixiao Tou , Yi Fang , Yu Gong

Free trial promotions, where users are given a limited time to try the product for free, are a commonly used customer acquisition strategy in the Software as a Service (SaaS) industry. We examine how trial length affect users'…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-25 Hema Yoganarasimhan , Ebrahim Barzegary , Abhishek Pani

In the implicit feedback recommendation, incorporating short-term preference into recommender systems has attracted increasing attention in recent years. However, unexpected behaviors in historical interactions like clicking some items by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Jie Chen , Lifen Jiang , Chunmei Ma , Huazhi Sun

We introduce a new preference-based framework for conditional treatment effect estimation and policy learning, built on the Conditional Preference-based Treatment Effect (CPTE). CPTE requires only that outcomes be ranked under a preference…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-04 Dovid Parnas , Mathieu Even , Julie Josse , Uri Shalit

We study reinforcement learning from human feedback in general Markov decision processes, where agents learn from trajectory-level preference comparisons. A central challenge in this setting is to design algorithms that select informative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Andreas Schlaginhaufen , Reda Ouhamma , Maryam Kamgarpour

Direct marketers use target models in order to minimize the spreading loss of sales efforts. The application of target models has become more widespread with the increasing range of sales efforts. Target models are relevant for offline…

Applications · Statistics 2010-07-08 Joerg Dubiel

Item recommendation is the task of predicting a personalized ranking on a set of items (e.g. websites, movies, products). In this paper, we investigate the most common scenario with implicit feedback (e.g. clicks, purchases). There are many…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2012-05-14 Steffen Rendle , Christoph Freudenthaler , Zeno Gantner , Lars Schmidt-Thieme

Micro-randomized trials (MRTs) play a crucial role in optimizing digital interventions. In an MRT, each participant is sequentially randomized among treatment options hundreds of times. While the interventions tested in MRTs target…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-04 Tianchen Qian

Product assortment selection is a critical challenge facing physical retailers. Effectively aligning inventory with the preferences of shoppers can increase sales and decrease out-of-stocks. However, in real-world settings the problem is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Porter Jenkins , Michael Selander , J. Stockton Jenkins , Andrew Merrill , Kyle Armstrong