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Ensemble-based modifications of the well-known SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method for the local explanation of a black-box model are proposed. The modifications aim to simplify SHAP which is computationally expensive when there is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Lev V. Utkin , Andrei V. Konstantinov

In the context of unsupervised learning, effective clustering plays a vital role in revealing patterns and insights from unlabeled data. However, the success of clustering algorithms often depends on the relevance and contribution of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Fabian Galis , Darian Onchis

Model interpretability is crucial for understanding and trusting the decisions made by complex machine learning models, such as those built with XGBoost. SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) values have become a popular tool for…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Xianlong Zeng , Kewen Zhu

In the domain of black-box model extraction, conventional methods reliant on soft labels or surrogate datasets struggle with scaling to high-dimensional input spaces and managing the complexity of an extensive array of interrelated classes.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Somnath Sendhil Kumar , Yuvaraj Govindarajulu , Pavan Kulkarni , Manojkumar Parmar

Many important questions about a model cannot be answered just by explaining how much each feature contributes to its output. To answer a broader set of questions, we generalize a popular, mathematically well-grounded explanation technique,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Dillon Bowen , Lyle Ungar

Missing data is a prevalent issue that can significantly impair model performance and explainability. This paper briefly summarizes the development of the field of missing data with respect to Explainable Artificial Intelligence and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Tuan L. Vo , Thu Nguyen , Luis M. Lopez-Ramos , Hugo L. Hammer , Michael A. Riegler , Pal Halvorsen

The SHAP (short for Shapley additive explanation) framework has become an essential tool for attributing importance to variables in predictive tasks. In model-agnostic settings, SHAP uses the concept of Shapley values from cooperative game…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-12 Justin Whitehouse , Ayush Sawarni , Vasilis Syrgkanis

SHAP is a popular method for measuring variable importance in machine learning models. In this paper, we study the algorithm used to estimate SHAP scores and outline its connection to the functional ANOVA decomposition. We use this…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-11-14 Andrew Herren , P. Richard Hahn

The Shapley value has become a popular method to attribute the prediction of a machine-learning model on an input to its base features. The use of the Shapley value is justified by citing [16] showing that it is the \emph{unique} method…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-10 Mukund Sundararajan , Amir Najmi

SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanation) values are one of the leading tools for interpreting machine learning models, with strong theoretical guarantees (consistency, local accuracy) and a wide availability of implementations and use cases.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Jilei Yang

Machine and deep learning have grown in popularity and use in biological research over the last decade but still present challenges in interpretability of the fitted model. The development and use of metrics to determine features driving…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-31 Daniel Claborne , Javier Flores , Samantha Erwin , Luke Durell , Rachel Richardson , Ruby Fore , Lisa Bramer

Recently, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) has been widely utilized in various research domains. This is particularly evident in application fields, where SHAP analysis serves as a crucial tool for identifying biomarkers and assisting…

Computation · Statistics 2026-02-02 Kyungjin Kim , Youngro Lee , Jongmo Seo

Interpretable Machine Learning (IML) is expected to remove significant barriers for the application of Machine Learning (ML) algorithms in power systems. This letter first seeks to showcase the benefits of SHapley Additive exPlanations…

Recently, several fast algorithms have been proposed to decompose predicted value into Shapley values, enabling individualized feature contribution analysis in tree models. While such local decomposition offers valuable insights, it…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-28 Zhongli Jiang , Min Zhang , Dabao Zhang

Substantial progress in spoofing and deepfake detection has been made in recent years. Nonetheless, the community has yet to make notable inroads in providing an explanation for how a classifier produces its output. The dominance of black…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-29 Wanying Ge , Jose Patino , Massimiliano Todisco , Nicholas Evans

While SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) and other feature attribution methods are commonly employed to explain model predictions, their application within information retrieval (IR), particularly for complex outputs such as ranked lists,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Maria Heuss , Maarten de Rijke , Avishek Anand

Explaining complex or seemingly simple machine learning models is an important practical problem. We want to explain individual predictions from a complex machine learning model by learning simple, interpretable explanations. Shapley values…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-02-07 Kjersti Aas , Martin Jullum , Anders Løland

SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) is a key tool for interpreting decision tree ensembles by assigning contribution values to features. It is widely used in finance, advertising, medicine, and other domains. Two main approaches to SHAP…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Alexander Nadel , Ron Wettenstein

Shapley value is a popular approach for measuring the influence of individual features. While Shapley feature attribution is built upon desiderata from game theory, some of its constraints may be less natural in certain machine learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Yongchan Kwon , James Zou

Two-part models are important to and used throughout insurance and actuarial science. Since insurance is required for registering a car, obtaining a mortgage, and participating in certain businesses, it is especially important that the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-17 Spencer Matthews , Brian Hartman