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The effectiveness of brand monitoring in India is increasingly challenged by the rise of Hinglish--a hybrid of Hindi and English--used widely in user-generated content on platforms like Twitter. Traditional Natural Language Processing (NLP)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Aashi Garg , Aneshya Das , Arshi Arya , Anushka Goyal , Aditi

User comments on online programming platforms such as Stack Overflow play a vital role in maintaining the correctness and relevance of shared code examples. However, the majority of comments express gratitude or clarification, while only a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Mehedi Hasan Shanto , Muhammad Asaduzzaman , Alioune Ngom

Much of software-engineering research relies on the naturalness of code, the fact that code, in small code snippets, is repetitive and can be predicted using statistical language models like n-gram. Although powerful, training such models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-15 Ahmed Khanfir , Matthieu Jimenez , Mike Papadakis , Yves Le Traon

Large Language Models (LLMs) changed the way we design and interact with software systems. Their ability to process and extract information from text has drastically improved productivity in a number of routine tasks. Developers that want…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Federico Errica , Giuseppe Siracusano , Davide Sanvito , Roberto Bifulco

Comments are an important part of the source code and are a primary source of documentation. This has driven interest in using large bodies of comments to train or evaluate tools that consume or produce them -- such as generating oracles or…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Sergey Matskevich , Colin S. Gordon

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for writing and review support, but their usefulness depends on context-dependent criteria, such as expert preferences or organization-specific conventions, that are often tacit,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Kotaro Yoshida , So Kuroki , Yuki Imajuku , Taishi Nakamura , Ryunosuke Iwai , Haruki Goda , Takuya Akiba

Comments in software are critical for maintenance and reuse. But apart from prescriptive advice, there is little practical support or quantitative understanding of what makes a comment useful. In this paper, we introduce the task of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-06-13 Annie Louis , Santanu Kumar Dash , Earl T. Barr , Charles Sutton

Code comments are the primary means to document implementation and facilitate program comprehension. Thus, their quality should be a primary concern to improve program maintenance. While much effort has been dedicated to detecting bad…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-26 Arianna Blasi , Nataliia Stulova , Alessandra Gorla , Oscar Nierstrasz

Developers use shell commands for many tasks, such as file system management, network control, and process management. Bash is one of the most commonly used shells and plays an important role in Linux system development and maintenance. Due…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Chi Yu , Guang Yang , Xiang Chen , Ke Liu , Yanlin Zhou

Natural Language Inference (NLI) models have been used in various ways to improve the factuality of LLM outputs. This is typically done by applying an NLI model to judge whether the model output is entailed from the supposed evidence,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Sapir Harary , Eran Hirsch , Aviv Slobodkin , David Wan , Mohit Bansal , Ido Dagan

Though majority vote among annotators is typically used for ground truth labels in natural language processing, annotator disagreement in tasks such as hate speech detection may reflect differences in opinion across groups, not noise. Thus,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Eve Fleisig , Rediet Abebe , Dan Klein

Code review is one of the best practices as a powerful safeguard for software quality. In practice, senior or highly skilled reviewers inspect source code and provide constructive comments, considering what authors may ignore, for example,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-01 Lingwei Li , Li Yang , Huaxi Jiang , Jun Yan , Tiejian Luo , Zihan Hua , Geng Liang , Chun Zuo

We present Code Comparison Tuning (CCT), a simple and effective tuning method for code large language models (Code LLMs) to better handle subtle code errors. Specifically, we integrate the concept of comparison into instruction tuning, both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Yufan Jiang , Qiaozhi He , Xiaomin Zhuang , Zhihua Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used to support software developers in tasks such as code generation, optimization, and documentation. However, their ability to improve existing programming answers in a human-like manner remains…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Suborno Deb Bappon , Saikat Mondal , Chanchal K. Roy , Kevin Schneider

Large language models (LLMs), such as OpenAI's Codex, have demonstrated their potential to generate code from natural language descriptions across a wide range of programming tasks. Several benchmarks have recently emerged to evaluate the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Sarah Fakhoury , Saikat Chakraborty , Madan Musuvathi , Shuvendu K. Lahiri

Large-scale conversational assistants like Alexa, Siri, Cortana and Google Assistant process every utterance using multiple models for domain, intent and named entity recognition. Given the decoupled nature of model development and large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Rakesh Chada , Pradeep Natarajan , Darshan Fofadiya , Prathap Ramachandra

Large language models (LLMs) can produce text that closely resembles human writing. This capability raises concerns about misuse, including disinformation and content manipulation. Detecting AI-generated text is essential to maintain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Md. Rakibul Islam , Most. Sharmin Sultana Samu , Md. Zahid Hossain , Farhad Uz Zaman , Md. Kamrozzaman Bhuiyan

Review score prediction requires review text understanding, a critical real-world application of natural language processing. Due to dissimilar text domains in product reviews, a common practice is fine-tuning BERT models upon reviews of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Albert Lu , Meng Jiang

This paper investigates how large language models (LLMs) behave when faced with discrepancies between their parametric knowledge and conflicting information contained in a prompt. Building on prior question-answering (QA) research, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Jaesung Bae , Cameron Churchwell , Mitchell Hermon , Tsun-An Hsieh , Jocelyn Xu , Yekaterina Yegorova , Mark Hasegawa-Johnson , Heng Ji

We conduct a thorough study to diagnose the behaviors of pre-trained language encoders (ELMo, BERT, and RoBERTa) when confronted with natural grammatical errors. Specifically, we collect real grammatical errors from non-native speakers and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-13 Fan Yin , Quanyu Long , Tao Meng , Kai-Wei Chang