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This paper presents a systematic evaluation of Large Language Models' (LLMs) behavior on long-tail distributed (encrypted) texts and their safety implications. We introduce a two-dimensional framework for assessing LLM safety: (1)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Utsav Maskey , Mark Dras , Usman Naseem

Large Language Models (LLMs) are acquiring a wider range of capabilities, including understanding and responding in multiple languages. While they undergo safety training to prevent them from answering illegal questions, imbalances in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Likai Tang , Niruth Bogahawatta , Yasod Ginige , Jiarui Xu , Shixuan Sun , Surangika Ranathunga , Suranga Seneviratne

Code reasoning tasks are becoming prevalent in large language model (LLM) assessments. Yet, there is a dearth of studies on the impact of real-world complexities on code reasoning, e.g., inter- or intra-procedural dependencies, API calls,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Changshu Liu , Alireza Ghazanfari , Yang Chen , Reyhaneh Jabbarvand

Context. Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to code-generating tasks (CGTs) in software engineering. While reported results are promising, the broader effects of such application and their integration into real-world…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Muslim Chochlov , Michael English , Jim Buckley

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated extraordinary capabilities and contributed to multiple fields, such as generating and summarizing text, language translation, and question-answering. Nowadays, LLM is becoming a very popular…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Badhan Chandra Das , M. Hadi Amini , Yanzhao Wu

Large language models of code (Code-LLMs) have recently brought tremendous advances to code completion, a fundamental feature of programming assistance and code intelligence. However, most existing works ignore the possible presence of bugs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Tuan Dinh , Jinman Zhao , Samson Tan , Renato Negrinho , Leonard Lausen , Sheng Zha , George Karypis

Large-language-model coding tools are now mainstream in software engineering. But as these same tools move human effort up the development stack, they present fresh dangers: 10% of real prompts leak private data, 42% of generated snippets…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Vladislav Belozerov , Peter J Barclay , Askhan Sami

The last two years have seen a rapid growth in concerns around the safety of large language models (LLMs). Researchers and practitioners have met these concerns by creating an abundance of datasets for evaluating and improving LLM safety.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Paul Röttger , Fabio Pernisi , Bertie Vidgen , Dirk Hovy

Large AI Models (LAIMs), of which large language models are the most prominent recent example, showcase some impressive performance. However they have been empirically found to pose serious security issues. This paper systematizes our…

Large language models (such as OpenAI's Codex) have demonstrated impressive zero-shot multi-task capabilities in the software domain, including code explanation. In this work, we examine if this ability can be used to help with reverse…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-03 Hammond Pearce , Benjamin Tan , Prashanth Krishnamurthy , Farshad Khorrami , Ramesh Karri , Brendan Dolan-Gavitt

Large Language Models (LLMs) are advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems that have undergone extensive training using large datasets in order to understand and produce language that closely resembles that of humans. These models have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Alessio Buscemi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated strong capabilities in code-related tasks, but their robustness in code reasoning under perturbations remains underexplored. We introduce CodeCrash, a stress-testing framework with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Man Ho Lam , Chaozheng Wang , Jen-tse Huang , Michael R. Lyu

This study compares state-of-the-art Large Language Models (LLMs) on their tendency to generate vulnerabilities when writing C programs using a neutral zero-shot prompt. Tihanyi et al. introduced the FormAI dataset at PROMISE'23, featuring…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Norbert Tihanyi , Tamas Bisztray , Mohamed Amine Ferrag , Ridhi Jain , Lucas C. Cordeiro

Applying large language models (LLMs) to modern power systems presents a promising avenue for enhancing decision-making and operational efficiency. However, this action may also incur potential security threats, which have not been fully…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Jiaqi Ruan , Gaoqi Liang , Huan Zhao , Guolong Liu , Xianzhuo Sun , Jing Qiu , Zhao Xu , Fushuan Wen , Zhao Yang Dong

The rapid adoption of Large Language Models(LLMs) for code generation has transformed software development, yet little attention has been given to how security vulnerabilities evolve through iterative LLM feedback. This paper analyzes…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Shivani Shukla , Himanshu Joshi , Romilla Syed

Large language models (LLMs) have shown great potential for automatic code generation and form the basis for various tools such as GitHub Copilot. However, recent studies highlight that many LLM-generated code contains serious security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Hossein Hajipour , Lea Schönherr , Thorsten Holz , Mario Fritz

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized code generation, automating programming with remarkable efficiency. However, these advancements challenge programming skills, ethics, and assessment integrity, making the detection of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Daniil Orel , Dilshod Azizov , Preslav Nakov

With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in Natural Language Processing (NLP), including content generation, human-computer interaction, machine translation, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Songyang Liu , Chaozhuo Li , Jiameng Qiu , Xi Zhang , Feiran Huang , Litian Zhang , Yiming Hei , Philip S. Yu

Large language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable proficiency in code generation tasks across various programming languages. However, their outputs often contain subtle but critical vulnerabilities, posing significant risks when deployed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Alexander Sternfeld , Andrei Kucharavy , Ljiljana Dolamic

Large Language Models (LLMs) contain large amounts of facts about the world. These facts can become outdated over time, which has led to the development of knowledge editing methods (KEs) that can change specific facts in LLMs with limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Paul Youssef , Zhixue Zhao , Daniel Braun , Jörg Schlötterer , Christin Seifert
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