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Virtual Reality (VR) technologies offer immersive experiences but collect substantial user data. While deceptive design is well-studied in 2D platforms, little is known about its manifestation in VR environments and its impact on user…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Hilda Hadan , Michaela Valiquette , Lennart E. Nacke , Leah Zhang-Kennedy

The adoption of virtual reality (VR) technologies has rapidly gained momentum in recent years as companies around the world begin to position the so-called "metaverse" as the next major medium for accessing and interacting with the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Gonzalo Munilla Garrido , Vivek Nair , Dawn Song

Motion tracking "telemetry" data lies at the core of nearly all modern virtual reality (VR) and metaverse experiences. While generally presumed innocuous, recent studies have demonstrated that motion data actually has the potential to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Vivek Nair , Christian Rack , Wenbo Guo , Rui Wang , Shuixian Li , Brandon Huang , Atticus Cull , James F. O'Brien , Marc Latoschik , Louis Rosenberg , Dawn Song

Commercial Virtual Reality (VR) transforms people's virtual experiences but introduces deceptive design opportunities that threaten user privacy. Although privacy deceptive patterns on 2D platforms are well-documented, their impacts in VR…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Hilda Hadan , Michaela Valiquette , Lennart E. Nacke , Leah Zhang-Kennedy

The metaverse is a nascent concept that envisions a virtual universe, a collaborative space where individuals can interact, create, and participate in a wide range of activities. Privacy in the metaverse is a critical concern as the concept…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Mahdi Alkaeed , Adnan Qayyum , Junaid Qadir

Virtual reality (VR) telepresence applications and the so-called "metaverse" promise to be the next major medium of human-computer interaction. However, with recent studies demonstrating the ease at which VR users can be profiled and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Vivek Nair , Gonzalo Munilla Garrido , Dawn Song

Extended reality (XR) devices have become ubiquitous. They are equipped with arrays of sensors, collecting extensive user and environmental data, allowing inferences about sensitive user information users may not realize they are sharing.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Viktorija Paneva , Verena Winterhalter , Naga Sai Surya Vamsy Malladi , Marvin Strauss , Stefan Schneegass , Florian Alt

Current Virtual Reality (VR) input devices make it possible to navigate a virtual environment and record immersive, personalized data regarding the user's movement and specific behavioral habits, which brings the question of the user's…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Aryabrata Basu , Mohammad Jahed Murad Sunny , Jayasri Sai Nikitha Guthula

The metaverse promises unprecedented immersive digital experiences but also raises critical privacy concerns as vast amounts of personal and behavioral data are collected. As immersive technologies blur the boundaries between physical and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Muhammad Irfan Khalid , Ilias Pappas , Moatasim Mahmoud , Stamatia Rizou

As Virtual Reality (VR) applications grow in popularity, they have bridged distances and brought users closer together. However, with this growth, there have been increasing concerns about security and privacy, especially related to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Zihao Su , Kunlin Cai , Reuben Beeler , Lukas Dresel , Allan Garcia , Ilya Grishchenko , Yuan Tian , Christopher Kruegel , Giovanni Vigna

Virtual reality (VR) platforms and apps collect user sensor data, including motion, facial, eye, and hand data, in abstracted form. These data may expose users to unique privacy risks without their knowledge or meaningful awareness, yet the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Ismat Jarin , Olivia Figueira , Yu Duan , Tu Le , Athina Markopoulou

Although Virtual Reality (VR) has accelerated its prevalent adoption in emerging metaverse applications, it is not a fundamentally new technology. On one hand, most VR operating systems (OS) are based on off-the-shelf mobile OS. As a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Hanyang Guo , Hong-Ning Dai , Xiapu Luo , Zibin Zheng , Gengyang Xu , Fengliang He

Virtual Reality (VR) has gained popularity by providing immersive and interactive experiences without geographical limitations. It also provides a sense of personal privacy through physical separation. In this paper, we show that despite…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Zhuolin Yang , Zain Sarwar , Iris Hwang , Ronik Bhaskar , Ben Y. Zhao , Haitao Zheng

In recent years, social virtual reality (VR), sometimes described as the "metaverse," has become widely available. With its potential comes risks, including risks to privacy. To understand these risks, we study the identifiability of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Mark Roman Miller , Eugy Han , Cyan DeVeaux , Eliot Jones , Ryan Chen , Jeremy N. Bailenson

Virtual reality (VR) platforms enable a wide range of applications, however, pose unique privacy risks. In particular, VR devices are equipped with a rich set of sensors that collect personal and sensitive information (e.g., body motion,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Ismat Jarin , Yu Duan , Rahmadi Trimananda , Hao Cui , Salma Elmalaki , Athina Markopoulou

Virtual reality (VR) sensors capture large amounts of user data, including body motion and eye tracking, that contain personally identifying information. While privacy-enhancing techniques can obfuscate this data, incomplete privacy…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Samantha Aziz , Oleg Komogortsev

Metaverse is expected to emerge as a new paradigm for the next-generation Internet, providing fully immersive and personalised experiences to socialize, work, and play in self-sustaining and hyper-spatio-temporal virtual world(s). The…

Virtual Reality (VR) is an exciting new consumer technology which offers an immersive audio-visual experience to users through which they can navigate and interact with a digitally represented 3D space (i.e., a virtual world) using a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Mohd Sabra , Nisha Vinayaga Sureshkanth , Ari Sharma , Anindya Maiti , Murtuza Jadliwala

Virtual Reality (VR) techniques, serving as the bridge between the real and virtual worlds, have boomed and are widely used in manufacturing, remote healthcare, gaming, etc. Specifically, VR systems offer users immersive experiences that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yancheng Jiang , Yan Jiang , Ruochen Zhou , Yi-Chao Chen , Xiaoyu Ji , Wenyuan Xu

Virtual Reality (VR) has gained increasing traction among various domains in recent years, with major companies such as Meta, Pico, and Microsoft launching their application stores to support third-party developers in releasing their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Chuan Yan , Zeng Li , Kunlin Cai , Liuhuo Wan , Ruomai Ren , Yiran Shen , Guangdong Bai
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