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The rapid advancement of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) offers new opportunities for complex scientific challenges, yet their application in earth science-especially at the graduate level-remains underexplored due to a lack of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Xiangyu Zhao , Wanghan Xu , Bo Liu , Yuhao Zhou , Fenghua Ling , Ben Fei , Xiaoyu Yue , Lei Bai , Wenlong Zhang , Xiao-Ming Wu

We evaluate the reasoning abilities of large language models in multilingual settings. We introduce the Multilingual Grade School Math (MGSM) benchmark, by manually translating 250 grade-school math problems from the GSM8K dataset (Cobbe et…

State-space models (SSMs) have recently attention as an efficient alternative to computationally expensive attention-based models for sequence modeling. They rely on linear recurrences to integrate information over time, enabling fast…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Mahdi Karami , Ali Behrouz , Peilin Zhong , Razvan Pascanu , Vahab Mirrokni

Large language models have emerged as transformative tools in molecular science, demonstrating remarkable potential in molecular property prediction and de novo molecular design. However, their application to spectroscopy remains notably…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Shuaike Shen , Jiaqing Xie , Zhuo Yang , Antong Zhang , Shuzhou Sun , Ben Gao , Tianfan Fu , Biqing Qi , Yuqiang Li

We propose a series of methods to represent the evolution of a field of science at different levels: namely micro, meso and macro levels. We use a previously introduced asymmetric measure of paradigmatic proximity between terms that enables…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2008-12-18 Jean-Philippe Cointet , David Chavalarias

Cognitive diagnosis represents a fundamental research area within intelligent education, with the objective of measuring the cognitive status of individuals. Theoretically, an individual's cognitive state is essentially equivalent to their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Zhifu Chen , Hengnian Gu , Jin Peng Zhou , Dongdai Zhou

Blended learning is generally defined as the combination of traditional face-to-face learning and online learning. This learning mode has been widely used in advanced education across the globe due to the COVID-19 pandemic's social distance…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Yu Ye , Gongjin Zhang , Hongbiao Si , Liang Xu , Shenghua Hu , Yong Li , Xulong Zhang , Kaiyu Hu , Fangzhou Ye

Machine learning has been increasingly applied in climate modeling on system emulation acceleration, data-driven parameter inference, forecasting, and knowledge discovery, addressing challenges such as physical consistency, multi-scale…

In this article, the notion of a mathematical model in science is attempted to be enlightened from several points of view. In particular, it is shown that mathematical models are introduced differently and used differently in different…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2022-05-25 Inge S. Helland

Understanding complete musical scores entails integrated reasoning over pitch, rhythm, harmony, and large-scale structure, yet the ability of Large Language Models and Vision--Language Models to interpret full musical notation remains…

Evaluating the performance of Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs), integrating both point cloud and language, presents significant challenges. The lack of a comprehensive assessment hampers determining whether these models truly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Junjie Zhang , Tianci Hu , Xiaoshui Huang , Yongshun Gong , Dan Zeng

While multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) demonstrate remarkable reasoning progress, their application in specialized scientific domains like physics reveals significant gaps in current evaluation benchmarks. Specifically, existing benchmarks often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Zhongze Luo , Zhenshuai Yin , Yongxin Guo , Zhichao Wang , Jionghao Zhu , Xiaoying Tang

The summarization capabilities of pretrained and large language models (LLMs) have been widely validated in general areas, but their use in scientific corpus, which involves complex sentences and specialized knowledge, has been less…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Xiuying Chen , Tairan Wang , Qingqing Zhu , Taicheng Guo , Shen Gao , Zhiyong Lu , Xin Gao , Xiangliang Zhang

In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in leveraging Language Models (LMs), encompassing Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) and Large-scale Language Models (LLMs), within the domain of mathematics. This paper conducts a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Wentao Liu , Hanglei Hu , Jie Zhou , Yuyang Ding , Junsong Li , Jiayi Zeng , Mengliang He , Qin Chen , Bo Jiang , Aimin Zhou , Liang He

Large language models often default to step-by-step computation even when efficient numerical shortcuts are available. This raises a basic question: do they exhibit number sense in a human-like behavioral sense, i.e., the ability to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Haomin Zhuang , Xiangqi Wang , Yili Shen , Ying Cheng , Xiangliang Zhang

In the rapidly evolving educational landscape, the unbiased assessment of soft skills is a significant challenge, particularly in higher education. This paper presents a fuzzy logic approach that employs a Granular Linguistic Model of…

Attitudes toward STEM develop from the interaction of conceptual knowledge, educational experiences, and affect. Here we use cognitive network science to reconstruct group mindsets as behavioural forma mentis networks (BFMNs). In this case,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Francesco Gariboldi , Emma Franchino , Edith Haim , Gianluca Lattanzi , Alessandro Grecucci , Massimo Stella

We present a model of sense-making that greatly facilitates the collaboration between an intelligent analyst and a knowledge-based agent. It is a general model grounded in the science of evidence and the scientific method of hypothesis…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Gheorghe Tecuci , Dorin Marcu , Louis Kaiser , Mihai Boicu

We introduce \textbf{GAUSS} (\textbf{G}eneral \textbf{A}ssessment of \textbf{U}nderlying \textbf{S}tructured \textbf{S}kills in Mathematics), a benchmark that evaluates LLMs' mathematical abilities across twelve core skill dimensions,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yue Zhang , Jiaxin Zhang , Qiuyu Ren , Tahsin Saffat , Xiaoxuan Liu , Zitong Yang , Banghua Zhu , Yi Ma

Calls to transform introductory college physics courses to include scientific practices require assessments that can measure the extent to which these transformations are effective. Such assessments should be able to measure students'…

Physics Education · Physics 2021-06-25 Amali Priyanka Jambuge , James T. Laverty