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In this paper, we first reinvestigate the convergence of vanilla SGD method in the sense of $L^2$ under more general learning rates conditions and a more general convex assumption, which relieves the conditions on learning rates and do not…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-06-12 Tiannan Xiao , Guoguo Yang

This paper develops asymptotic theory for quantile estimation via stochastic gradient descent (SGD) with a constant learning rate. The quantile loss function is neither smooth nor strongly convex. Beyond conventional perspectives and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-06 Ziyang Wei , Jiaqi Li , Likai Chen , Wei Biao Wu

Stochastic gradient descent in continuous time (SGDCT) provides a computationally efficient method for the statistical learning of continuous-time models, which are widely used in science, engineering, and finance. The SGDCT algorithm…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-06-18 Justin Sirignano , Konstantinos Spiliopoulos

We provide non-asymptotic convergence rates of the Polyak-Ruppert averaged stochastic gradient descent (SGD) to a normal random vector for a class of twice-differentiable test functions. A crucial intermediate step is proving a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-04-04 Andreas Anastasiou , Krishnakumar Balasubramanian , Murat A. Erdogdu

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) has emerged as the quintessential method in a data scientist's toolbox. Using SGD for high-stakes applications requires, however, careful quantification of the associated uncertainty. Towards that end, in…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-10-24 Bhavya Agrawalla , Krishnakumar Balasubramanian , Promit Ghosal

In this paper, we study the stochastic gradient descent (SGD) method for the nonconvex nonsmooth optimization, and propose an accelerated SGD method by combining the variance reduction technique with Nesterov's extrapolation technique.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-02-18 Feihu Huang , Songcan Chen

This paper proposes an asymptotic theory for online inference of the stochastic gradient descent (SGD) iterates with dropout regularization in linear regression. Specifically, we establish the geometric-moment contraction (GMC) for constant…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-12 Jiaqi Li , Johannes Schmidt-Hieber , Wei Biao Wu

We present a coupled system of ODEs which, when discretized with a constant time step/learning rate, recovers Nesterov's accelerated gradient descent algorithm. The same ODEs, when discretized with a decreasing learning rate, leads to novel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-09-02 Maxime Laborde , Adam M. Oberman

Stochastic gradient descent~(SGD) and its variants have been the dominating optimization methods in machine learning. Compared to SGD with small-batch training, SGD with large-batch training can better utilize the computational power of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-16 Shen-Yi Zhao , Chang-Wei Shi , Yin-Peng Xie , Wu-Jun Li

In this paper, we provide a comprehensive theoretical analysis of Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) and its momentum variants (Polyak Heavy-Ball and Nesterov) for tracking time-varying optima under strong convexity and smoothness. Our…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-20 Sharan Sahu , Cameron J. Hogan , Martin T. Wells

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) methods see many uses in optimization problems. Modifications to the algorithm, such as momentum-based SGD methods have been known to produce better results in certain cases. Much of this, however, is due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Eric Lu

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) has been the method of choice for learning large-scale non-convex models. While a general analysis of when SGD works has been elusive, there has been a lot of recent progress in understanding the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Satyen Kale , Jason D. Lee , Chris De Sa , Ayush Sekhari , Karthik Sridharan

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is almost ubiquitously used for training non-convex optimization tasks. Recently, a hypothesis proposed by Keskar et al. [2017] that large batch methods tend to converge to sharp minimizers has received…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-12-04 Xiaowu Dai , Yuhua Zhu

Recent theoretical works have characterized the dynamics of wide shallow neural networks trained via gradient descent in an asymptotic mean-field limit when the width tends towards infinity. At initialization, the random sampling of the…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-03-29 Zhengdao Chen , Grant M. Rotskoff , Joan Bruna , Eric Vanden-Eijnden

Following the same routine as [SSJ20], we continue to present the theoretical analysis for stochastic gradient descent with momentum (SGD with momentum) in this paper. Differently, for SGD with momentum, we demonstrate it is the two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Bin Shi

In this article we establish new central limit theorems for Ruppert-Polyak averaged stochastic gradient descent schemes. Compared to previous work we do not assume that convergence occurs to an isolated attractor but instead allow…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-12-20 Steffen Dereich , Sebastian Kassing

Decentralized training has been actively studied in recent years. Although a wide variety of methods have been proposed, yet the decentralized momentum SGD method is still underexplored. In this paper, we propose a novel periodic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-25 Hongchang Gao , Heng Huang

We prove closed-form equations for the exact high-dimensional asymptotics of a family of first order gradient-based methods, learning an estimator (e.g. M-estimator, shallow neural network, ...) from observations on Gaussian data with…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-11-24 Cedric Gerbelot , Emanuele Troiani , Francesca Mignacco , Florent Krzakala , Lenka Zdeborova

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is widely used in machine learning research. Previous convergence analyses of SGD under the vanishing step-size setting typically require Robbins-Monro conditions. However, in practice, a wider variety of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Ruinan Jin , Difei Cheng , Hong Qiao , Xin Shi , Shaodong Liu , Bo Zhang

Stopping criteria for Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) methods play important roles from enabling adaptive step size schemes to providing rigor for downstream analyses such as asymptotic inference. Unfortunately, current stopping criteria…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-04-02 Vivak Patel
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