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Interpretability research now offers a variety of techniques for identifying abstract internal mechanisms in neural networks. Can such techniques be used to predict how models will behave on out-of-distribution examples? In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Jing Huang , Junyi Tao , Thomas Icard , Diyi Yang , Christopher Potts

Deep learning models tend not to be out-of-distribution robust primarily due to their reliance on spurious features to solve the task. Counterfactual data augmentations provide a general way of (approximately) achieving representations that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-15 S Chandra Mouli , Yangze Zhou , Bruno Ribeiro

Without loss of generality, existing machine learning techniques may learn spurious correlation dependent on the domain, which exacerbates the generalization of models in out-of-distribution (OOD) scenarios. To address this issue, recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Bin Qin , Jiangmeng Li , Yi Li , Xuesong Wu , Yupeng Wang , Wenwen Qiang , Jianwen Cao

The effectiveness of a model is heavily reliant on the quality of the fusion representation of multiple modalities in multimodal sentiment analysis. Moreover, each modality is extracted from raw input and integrated with the rest to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Cong-Duy Nguyen , Thong Nguyen , Duc Anh Vu , Luu Anh Tuan

We consider the problem of estimating the counterfactual joint distribution of multiple quantities of interests (e.g., outcomes) in a multivariate causal model extended from the classical difference-in-difference design. Existing methods…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-03 Thong Pham , Shohei Shimizu , Hideitsu Hino , Tam Le

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection identifies test samples that differ from the training data, which is critical to ensuring the safety and reliability of machine learning (ML) systems. While a plethora of methods have been developed to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Viet Duong , Qiong Wu , Zhengyi Zhou , Eric Zavesky , Jiahe Chen , Xiangzhou Liu , Wen-Ling Hsu , Huajie Shao

Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization has emerged as a significant challenge in graph recommender systems. Traditional graph neural network algorithms often fail because they learn spurious environmental correlations instead of stable…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Jiahao Liang , Haoran Yang , Xiangyu Zhao , Zhiwen Yu , Mianjie Li , Chuan Shi , Kaixiang Yang

Multimodal sentiment analysis relies on textual, acoustic, and visual signals, yet real-world data often suffer from modality missing and quality imbalance. Existing methods generate features for modality missing from available ones, but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Chenglizhao Chen , Yuchen Cao , Xinyu Liu , Mengke Song , Guisheng Zhang , Xiaomin Yu

Existing work on Multimodal Sentiment Analysis (MSA) utilizes multimodal information for prediction yet unavoidably suffers from fitting the spurious correlations between multimodal features and sentiment labels. For example, if most videos…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Teng Sun , Juntong Ni , Wenjie Wang , Liqiang Jing , Yinwei Wei , Liqiang Nie

Multimodal sentiment analysis (MSA) aims to understand human emotions by integrating information from multiple modalities, such as text, audio, and visual data. However, existing methods often suffer from spurious correlations both within…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Menghua Jiang , Yuxia Lin , Baoliang Chen , Haifeng Hu , Yuncheng Jiang , Sijie Mai

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection in multimodal contexts is essential for identifying deviations in combined inputs from different modalities, particularly in applications like open-domain dialogue systems or real-life dialogue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Rena Gao , Xuetong Wu , Siwen Luo , Caren Han , Feng Liu

We propose a framework for multimodal sentiment analysis and emotion recognition using convolutional neural network-based feature extraction from text and visual modalities. We obtain a performance improvement of 10% over the state of the…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2017-08-01 Erik Cambria , Devamanyu Hazarika , Soujanya Poria , Amir Hussain , R. B. V. Subramaanyam

Conventional supervised learning methods, especially deep ones, are found to be sensitive to out-of-distribution (OOD) examples, largely because the learned representation mixes the semantic factor with the variation factor due to their…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-02 Chang Liu , Xinwei Sun , Jindong Wang , Haoyue Tang , Tao Li , Tao Qin , Wei Chen , Tie-Yan Liu

Density-based Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has recently been shown unreliable for the task of detecting OOD images. Various density ratio based approaches achieve good empirical performance, however methods typically lack a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-09 Mingtian Zhang , Andi Zhang , Tim Z. Xiao , Yitong Sun , Steven McDonagh

We study the problem of Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection, that is, detecting whether a learning algorithm's output can be trusted at inference time. While a number of tests for OOD detection have been proposed in prior work, a formal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-09-19 Akshayaa Magesh , Venugopal V. Veeravalli , Anirban Roy , Susmit Jha

Recently, Target-oriented Multimodal Sentiment Classification (TMSC) has gained significant attention among scholars. However, current multimodal models have reached a performance bottleneck. To investigate the causes of this problem, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Junjie Ye , Jie Zhou , Junfeng Tian , Rui Wang , Qi Zhang , Tao Gui , Xuanjing Huang

Interpretability research often aims to predict how a model will respond to targeted interventions on specific mechanisms. However, it rarely predicts how a model will respond to unseen input data. This paper explores the promises and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Victoria R. Li , Jenny Kaufmann , Martin Wattenberg , David Alvarez-Melis , Naomi Saphra

Out-of-distribution (OOD) learning often relies heavily on statistical approaches or predefined assumptions about OOD data distributions, hindering their efficacy in addressing multifaceted challenges of OOD generalization and OOD detection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Haoyue Bai , Xuefeng Du , Katie Rainey , Shibin Parameswaran , Yixuan Li

We consider the task of counterfactual estimation from observational imaging data given a known causal structure. In particular, quantifying the causal effect of interventions for high-dimensional data with neural networks remains an open…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Pedro Sanchez , Sotirios A. Tsaftaris

The mismatch between training and target data is one major challenge for current machine learning systems. When training data is collected from multiple domains and the target domains include all training domains and other new domains, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-22 Haotian Ye , Chuanlong Xie , Yue Liu , Zhenguo Li