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Explainable AI (XAI) is paramount in industry-grade AI; however existing methods fail to address this necessity, in part due to a lack of standardisation of explainability methods. The purpose of this paper is to offer a perspective on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Othman Benchekroun , Adel Rahimi , Qini Zhang , Tetiana Kodliuk

There has recently been a surge of work in explanatory artificial intelligence (XAI). This research area tackles the important problem that complex machines and algorithms often cannot provide insights into their behavior and thought…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Leilani H. Gilpin , David Bau , Ben Z. Yuan , Ayesha Bajwa , Michael Specter , Lalana Kagal

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is an emerging area of research in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). XAI can explain how AI obtained a particular solution (e.g., classification or object detection) and can also answer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Prashant Gohel , Priyanka Singh , Manoranjan Mohanty

As the manufacturing industry advances with sensor integration and automation, the opaque nature of deep learning models in machine learning poses a significant challenge for fault detection and diagnosis. And despite the related predictive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Ahmed Maged , Salah Haridy , Herman Shen

The field of "explainable artificial intelligence" (XAI) seemingly addresses the desire that decisions of machine learning systems should be human-understandable. However, in its current state, XAI itself needs scrutiny. Popular methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Stefan Haufe , Rick Wilming , Benedict Clark , Rustam Zhumagambetov , Ahcène Boubekki , Jörg Martin , Danny Panknin

The lack of explainability of a decision from an Artificial Intelligence (AI) based "black box" system/model, despite its superiority in many real-world applications, is a key stumbling block for adopting AI in many high stakes applications…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Sheikh Rabiul Islam , William Eberle , Sheikh Khaled Ghafoor , Mohiuddin Ahmed

Artificial intelligence now outperforms humans in several scientific and engineering tasks, yet its internal representations often remain opaque. In this Perspective, we argue that explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), combined with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Ricardo Vinuesa , Steven L. Brunton , Gianmarco Mengaldo

The use of wearables in medicine and wellness, enabled by AI-based models, offers tremendous potential for real-time monitoring and interpretable event detection. Explainable AI (XAI) is required to assess what models have learned and build…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-16 Maurice Kuschel , Solveig Vieluf , Claus Reinsberger , Tobias Loddenkemper , Tanuj Hasija

The surge in black-box AI models has prompted the need to explain the internal mechanism and justify their reliability, especially in high-stakes applications, such as healthcare and autonomous driving. Due to the lack of a rigorous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Yongjie Wang , Tong Zhang , Xu Guo , Zhiqi Shen

As machine learning and algorithmic decision making systems are increasingly being leveraged in high-stakes human-in-the-loop settings, there is a pressing need to understand the rationale of their predictions. Researchers have responded to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Jonathan Dinu , Jeffrey Bigham , J. Zico Kolter

In recent years, Explainable AI (xAI) attracted a lot of attention as various countries turned explanations into a legal right. xAI allows for improving models beyond the accuracy metric by, e.g., debugging the learned pattern and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Mohamed Karim Belaid , Eyke Hüllermeier , Maximilian Rabus , Ralf Krestel

As AI systems are increasingly deployed to support decision-making in critical domains, explainability has become a means to enhance the understandability of these outputs and enable users to make more informed and conscious choices.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Maria J. P. Peixoto , Akriti Pandey , Ahsan Zaman , Peter R. Lewis

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) aims to develop transparent explanatory approaches for "black-box" deep learning models. However,it remains difficult for existing methods to achieve the trade-off of the three key criteria in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Changqi Sun , Hao Xu , Yuntian Chen , Dongxiao Zhang

Many explainable AI (XAI) techniques strive for interpretability by providing concise salient information, such as sparse linear factors. However, users either only see inaccurate global explanations, or highly-varying local explanations.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Jessica Y. Bo , Pan Hao , Brian Y. Lim

Last years have been characterized by an upsurge of opaque automatic decision support systems, such as Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). Although they have great generalization and prediction skills, their functioning does not allow obtaining…

In a recent paper, Erasmus et al. (2021) defend the idea that the ambiguity of the term "explanation" in explainable AI (XAI) can be solved by adopting any of four different extant accounts of explanation in the philosophy of science: the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Andrés Páez

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has experienced a significant growth over the last few years. This is due to the widespread application of machine learning, particularly deep learning, that has led to the development of highly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Giulia Vilone , Luca Longo

Explainable AI has become a common term in the literature, scrutinized by computer scientists and statisticians and highlighted by psychological or philosophical researchers. One major effort many researchers tackle is constructing general…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Carina Newen , Daniel Bodemer , Sonja Glantz , Emmanuel Müller , Magdalena Wischnewski , Lenka Schnaubert

Artificial intelligence models encounter significant challenges due to their black-box nature, particularly in safety-critical domains such as healthcare, finance, and autonomous vehicles. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) addresses…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Melkamu Mersha , Khang Lam , Joseph Wood , Ali AlShami , Jugal Kalita

In the last years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has achieved a notable momentum that may deliver the best of expectations over many application sectors across the field. For this to occur, the entire community stands in front of the barrier…

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