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This paper addresses the problem of mapping high-dimensional data to a low-dimensional space, in the presence of other known features. This problem is ubiquitous in science and engineering as there are often controllable/measurable features…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-01 Anh Tuan Bui

Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a family of methods that embed a given set of points into a simple, usually flat, domain. The points are assumed to be sampled from some metric space, and the mapping attempts to preserve the distances…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2014-03-05 Yonathan Aflalo , Anastasia Dubrovina , Ron Kimmel

T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) is a popular and prize-winning approach for dimensionality reduction and visualizing high-dimensional data. However, tSNE is non-parametric: once visualization is built, tSNE is not…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-08-17 Andrey Boytsov , Francois Fouquet , Thomas Hartmann , Yves LeTraon

With the development of feature extraction technique, one sample always can be represented by multiple features which locate in high-dimensional space. Multiple features can re ect various perspectives of one same sample, so there must be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-07-30 Huibing Wang , Lin Feng , Adong Kong , Bo Jin

We use graphical methods to probe neural nets that classify images. Plots of t-SNE outputs at successive layers in a network reveal increasingly organized arrangement of the data points. They can also reveal how a network can diminish or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Christopher R. Hoyt , Art B. Owen

Cluster visualization is an essential task for nonlinear dimensionality reduction as a data analysis tool. It is often believed that Student t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) can show clusters for well clusterable data,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Zhirong Yang , Yuwei Chen , Jukka Corander

We present the MDS feature learning framework, in which multidimensional scaling (MDS) is applied on high-level pairwise image distances to learn fixed-length vector representations of images. The aspects of the images that are captured by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2013-06-17 Quan Wang , Kim L. Boyer

Visualizing high-dimensional data is an essential task in Data Science and Machine Learning. The Centroid-Encoder (CE) method is similar to the autoencoder but incorporates label information to keep objects of a class close together in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Tomojit Ghosh , Michael Kirby

Dimensionality reduction and manifold learning methods such as t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) are routinely used to map high-dimensional data into a 2-dimensional space to visualize and explore the data. However, two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-27 Bo Kang , Darío García García , Jefrey Lijffijt , Raúl Santos-Rodríguez , Tijl De Bie

The t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (tSNE) algorithm has become in recent years one of the most used and insightful techniques for the exploratory data analysis of high-dimensional data. tSNE reveals clusters of high-dimensional…

A plethora of dimension reduction methods have been developed to visualize high-dimensional data in low dimensions. However, different dimension reduction methods often output different and possibly conflicting visualizations of the same…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-19 Bingxue An , Tiffany M. Tang

High-dimensional multivariate spatial-temporal data arise frequently in a wide range of applications; however, there are relatively few statistical methods that can simultaneously deal with spatial, temporal and variable-wise dependencies…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-02-05 Elynn Y. Chen , Xin Yun , Rong Chen , Qiwei Yao

Representational similarity analysis (RSA) has been shown to be an effective framework to characterize brain-activity profiles and deep neural network activations as representational geometry by computing the pairwise distances of the…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2019-07-30 Baihan Lin , Marieke Mur , Tim Kietzmann , Nikolaus Kriegeskorte

Feature representation is an important aspect of remote-sensing based image classification. While deep convolutional neural networks are able to effectively amalgamate information, large numbers of parameters often make learned features…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-07 Joshua Peeples , Sarah Walker , Connor McCurley , Alina Zare , James Keller , Weihuang Xu

The task of dimensionality reduction and visualization of high-dimensional datasets remains a challenging problem since long. Modern high-throughput technologies produce newer high-dimensional datasets having multiple views with relatively…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Chayan Maitra , Dibyendu B. Seal , Rajat K. De

The clustering and visualisation of high-dimensional data is a ubiquitous task in modern data science. Popular techniques include nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods like t-SNE or UMAP. These methods face the `scale-problem' of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-20 Jack Kendrick

Tensors, or multidimensional arrays, are data structures that can naturally represent visual data of multiple dimensions. Inherently able to efficiently capture structured, latent semantic spaces and high-order interactions, tensors have a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-09 Yannis Panagakis , Jean Kossaifi , Grigorios G. Chrysos , James Oldfield , Mihalis A. Nicolaou , Anima Anandkumar , Stefanos Zafeiriou

Stochastic neighbor embedding (SNE) methods $t$-SNE, UMAP are two most popular dimensionality reduction methods for data visualization. Contrastive learning, especially self-supervised contrastive learning (SSCL), has showed great success…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Yi Zhang

The visualization of multi-dimensional data with interpretable methods remains limited by capabilities for both high-dimensional lossless visualizations that do not suffer from occlusion and that are computationally capable by parameterized…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Alice Williams , Boris Kovalerchuk

A central challenge in data visualization is to understand which data samples are required to generate an image of a data set in which the relevant information is encoded. In this work, we make a first step towards answering the question of…

Graphics · Computer Science 2021-03-12 Sebastian Weiss , Mustafa Işık , Justus Thies , Rüdiger Westermann