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t-SNE is a popular tool for embedding multi-dimensional datasets into two or three dimensions. However, it has a large computational cost, especially when the input data has many dimensions. Many use t-SNE to embed the output of a neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-04 Rikhav Shah , Sandeep Silwal

This work is concerned with the continuum limit of a graph-based data visualization technique called the t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE), which is widely used for visualizing data in a variety of applications, but is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-15 Jeff Calder , Zhonggan Huang , Ryan Murray , Adam Pickarski

t-Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) is a non-parametric data visualization method in classical machine learning. It maps the data from the high-dimensional space into a low-dimensional space, especially a two-dimensional plane, while…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-10 Yoshiaki Kawase , Kosuke Mitarai , Keisuke Fujii

Multimodal relational data analysis has become of increasing importance in recent years, for exploring across different domains of data, such as images and their text tags obtained from social networking services (e.g., Flickr). A variety…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Morihiro Mizutani , Akifumi Okuno , Geewook Kim , Hidetoshi Shimodaira

Dimensionality reduction is a fundamental technique in machine learning and data analysis, enabling efficient representation and visualization of high-dimensional data. This paper explores five key methods: Principal Component Analysis…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2025-02-19 Yuan-chin Ivan Chang

Studying complex real-world phenomena often involves data from multiple views (e.g. sensor modalities or brain regions), each capturing different aspects of the underlying system. Within neuroscience, there is growing interest in…

Dimensional data reduction methods are fundamental to explore and visualize large data sets. Basic requirements for unsupervised data exploration are simplicity, flexibility and scalability. However, current methods show complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-03 Joan Garriga , Frederic Bartumeus

Dimensionality reduction techniques are fundamental for analyzing and visualizing high-dimensional data. With established methods like t-SNE and PCA presenting a trade-off between representational power and interpretability. This paper…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Erik Bergh

Visualization methods based on the nearest neighbor graph, such as t-SNE or UMAP, are widely used for visualizing high-dimensional data. Yet, these approaches only produce meaningful results if the nearest neighbors themselves are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Jan Niklas Böhm , Philipp Berens , Dmitry Kobak

Dimensionality reduction techniques are widely used for visualizing high-dimensional data in two dimensions. Existing methods are typically designed to preserve either local (e.g., $t$-SNE, UMAP) or global (e.g., MDS, PCA) structure of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Noël Kury , Dmitry Kobak , Sebastian Damrich

High dimensional data can contain multiple scales of variance. Analysis tools that preferentially operate at one scale can be ineffective at capturing all the information present in this cross-scale complexity. We propose a multiscale joint…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-15 Daniel Sousa , Christopher Small

Insightful visualization of multidimensional scalar fields, in particular parameter spaces, is key to many fields in computational science and engineering. We propose a principal component-based approach to visualize such fields that…

Graphics · Computer Science 2018-09-12 Rafael Ballester-Ripoll , Renato Pajarola

We propose a visualization method to understand the effect of multidimensional projection on local subspaces, using implicit function differentiation. Here, we understand the local subspace as the multidimensional local neighborhood of data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Rongzheng Bian , Yumeng Xue , Liang Zhou , Jian Zhang , Baoquan Chen , Daniel Weiskopf , Yunhai Wang

A fundamental task in machine learning involves visualizing high-dimensional data sets that arise in high-impact application domains. When considering the context of large imbalanced data, this problem becomes much more challenging. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Parisa Hajibabaee , Farhad Pourkamali-Anaraki , Mohammad Amin Hariri-Ardebili

In ordinary Dimensionality Reduction (DR), each data instance in a high dimensional space (original space), or on a distance matrix denoting original space distances, is mapped to (projected onto) one point in a low dimensional space…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Farshad Barahimi

Nonlinear dimension reduction (NLDR) techniques such as tSNE, and UMAP provide a low-dimensional representation of high-dimensional data ($p\text{-}D$) by applying a nonlinear transformation. NLDR often exaggerates random patterns. But NLDR…

Low-dimensional embeddings and visualizations are an indispensable tool for analysis of high-dimensional data. State-of-the-art methods, such as tSNE and UMAP, excel in unveiling local structures hidden in high-dimensional data and are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Jonas Fischer , Rebekka Burkholz , Jilles Vreeken

Effective data visualization is a key part of the discovery process in the era of big data. It is the bridge between the quantitative content of the data and human intuition, and thus an essential component of the scientific path from data…

Dimension reduction and data visualization aim to project a high-dimensional dataset to a low-dimensional space while capturing the intrinsic structures in the data. It is an indispensable part of modern data science, and many dimensional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-26 Rong Ma , Eric D. Sun , James Zou

Dimensionality reduction is crucial both for visualization and preprocessing high dimensional data for machine learning. We introduce a novel method based on a hierarchy built on 1-nearest neighbor graphs in the original space which is used…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-31 M. Saquib Sarfraz , Marios Koulakis , Constantin Seibold , Rainer Stiefelhagen