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The behaviour of neural network components must be proven correct before deployment in safety-critical systems. Unfortunately, existing neural network verification techniques cannot certify the absence of faults at the software level. In…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Edoardo Manino , Bruno Farias , Rafael Sá Menezes , Fedor Shmarov , Lucas C. Cordeiro

Neural networks are successfully used in a variety of applications, many of them having safety and security concerns. As a result researchers have proposed formal verification techniques for verifying neural network properties. While…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Youcheng Sun , Muhammad Usman , Divya Gopinath , Corina S. Păsăreanu

Implementations of artificial neural networks (ANNs) might lead to failures, which are hardly predicted in the design phase since ANNs are highly parallel and their parameters are barely interpretable. Here, we develop and evaluate a novel…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Luiz Sena , Erickson Alves , Iury Bessa , Eddie Filho , Lucas Cordeiro

In sequential decision making, neural networks (NNs) are nowadays commonly used to represent and learn the agent's policy. This area of application has implied new software quality assessment challenges that traditional validation and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Q. Mazouni , H. Spieker , A. Gotlieb , M. Acher

The rising popularity of neural networks (NNs) in recent years and their increasing prevalence in real-world applications have drawn attention to the importance of their verification. While verification is known to be computationally…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Natalia Slusarz , Ekaterina Komendantskaya , Matthew L. Daggitt , Robert Stewart

Deep neural networks (DNNs) play a crucial role in the field of machine learning, demonstrating state-of-the-art performance across various application domains. However, despite their success, DNN-based models may occasionally exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Guy Amir , Osher Maayan , Tom Zelazny , Guy Katz , Michael Schapira

Verifying properties and interpreting the behaviour of deep neural networks (DNN) is an important task given their ubiquitous use in applications, including safety-critical ones, and their black-box nature. We propose an automata-theoric…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Marco Sälzer , Eric Alsmann , Florian Bruse , Martin Lange

Neural network verifiers aim to provide formal guarantees on model behavior, but existing verification benchmarks are fundamentally limited by their lack of ground-truth labels. As a result, verifier evaluation relies on indirect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 David Troxell , Yulia Alexandr , Sofia Hunt , Stephanie Lei , Guido Montúfar

Deep Neural Networks (DNN) will emerge as a cornerstone in automotive software engineering. However, developing systems with DNNs introduces novel challenges for safety assessments. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in verification…

We describe Imandra, a modern computational logic theorem prover designed to bridge the gap between decision procedures such as SMT, semi-automatic inductive provers of the Boyer-Moore family like ACL2, and interactive proof assistants for…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-04-23 Grant Olney Passmore , Simon Cruanes , Denis Ignatovich , Dave Aitken , Matt Bray , Elijah Kagan , Kostya Kanishev , Ewen Maclean , Nicola Mometto

Deep neural networks are increasingly being used as controllers for safety-critical systems. Because neural networks are opaque, certifying their correctness is a significant challenge. To address this issue, several neural network…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-22 Yizhak Yisrael Elboher , Justin Gottschlich , Guy Katz

Malware, or software designed with harmful intent, is an ever-evolving threat that can have drastic effects on both individuals and institutions. Neural network malware classification systems are key tools for combating these threats but…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Preston K. Robinette , Diego Manzanas Lopez , Serena Serbinowska , Kevin Leach , Taylor T. Johnson

Extensive research on formal verification of machine learning systems indicates that learning from data alone often fails to capture underlying background knowledge, such as specifications implicitly available in the data. Various neural…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Thomas Flinkow , Barak A. Pearlmutter , Rosemary Monahan

In this study, we explore the integration of Neural Networks, a powerful class of functions known for their exceptional approximation capabilities. Our primary emphasis is on the integration of multi-layer Neural Networks, a challenging…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-03-20 Yucong Liu

Neural networks are ubiquitous. However, they are often sensitive to small input changes. Hence, to prevent unexpected behavior in safety-critical applications, their formal verification -- a notoriously hard problem -- is necessary. Many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Lukas Koller , Tobias Ladner , Matthias Althoff

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are increasingly being employed in safety-critical systems, and there is an urgent need to guarantee their correctness. Consequently, the verification community has devised multiple techniques and tools for…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Omri Isac , Clark Barrett , Min Zhang , Guy Katz

In the past few years, significant progress has been made on deep neural networks (DNNs) in achieving human-level performance on several long-standing tasks. With the broader deployment of DNNs on various applications, the concerns over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-02 Xiaowei Huang , Daniel Kroening , Wenjie Ruan , James Sharp , Youcheng Sun , Emese Thamo , Min Wu , Xinping Yi

We investigate the computational complexity of neural network verification in quantised settings. We distinguish three classes of Feedforward Neural Networks (FNNs): rational FNNs with exact rational weights, quantised FNNs whose weights…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Eric Alsmann , Martin Lange , Marco Sälzer

Neural networks are often susceptible to minor perturbations in input that cause them to misclassify. A recent solution to this problem is the use of globally-robust neural networks, which employ a function to certify that the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-05-13 James Tobler , Hira Taqdees Syeda , Toby Murray

A wide range of verification methods have been proposed to verify the safety properties of deep neural networks ensuring that the networks function correctly in critical applications. However, many well-known verification tools still…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Yuyi Zhong , Ruiwei Wang , Siau-Cheng Khoo