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Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is increasingly used to design learning-enabled agents that interact in shared environments. However, training MARL algorithms in general-sum games remains challenging: learning dynamics can become…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Addison Kalanther , Sanika Bharvirkar , Shankar Sastry , Chinmay Maheshwari

Efficient exploration remains a challenging research problem in reinforcement learning, especially when an environment contains large state spaces, deceptive local optima, or sparse rewards. To tackle this problem, we present a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Zhang-Wei Hong , Tzu-Yun Shann , Shih-Yang Su , Yi-Hsiang Chang , Chun-Yi Lee

Two-player games such as board games have long been used as traditional benchmarks for reinforcement learning. This work revisits a policy optimization method with reverse Kullback-Leibler regularization and entropy regularization and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Kazuki Ota , Takayuki Osa , Motoki Omura , Tatsuya Harada

In modern transportation networks, adversaries can manipulate routing algorithms using false data injection attacks, such as simulating heavy traffic with multiple devices running crowdsourced navigation applications, to mislead vehicles…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Taha Eghtesad , Yevgeniy Vorobeychik , Aron Laszka

In this work, we study two self-play training schemes, Chainer and Pool, and show they lead to improved agent performance in Atari Pong compared to a standard DQN agent -- trained against the built-in Atari opponent. To measure agent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Bowen He , Sreehari Rammohan , Jessica Forde , Michael Littman

Existing settings of decentralized learning either require players to have full information or the system to have certain special structure that may be hard to check and hinder their applicability to practical systems. To overcome this, we…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-17 Yan Jiang , Wenqi Cui , Baosen Zhang , Jorge Cortés

We motivate and propose a new model for non-cooperative Markov game which considers the interactions of risk-aware players. This model characterizes the time-consistent dynamic "risk" from both stochastic state transitions (inherent to the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-11-22 Wenjie Huang , Pham Viet Hai , William B. Haskell

Policy gradient methods have become a staple of any single-agent reinforcement learning toolbox, due to their combination of desirable properties: iterate convergence, efficient use of stochastic trajectory feedback, and theoretically-sound…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Mingyang Liu , Gabriele Farina , Asuman Ozdaglar

Multiplayer games with selfish agents naturally occur in the design of distributed and embedded systems. As the goals of selfish agents are usually neither equivalent nor antagonistic to each other, such games are non zero-sum games. We…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2012-12-19 Thomas Brihaye , Julie De Pril , Sven Schewe

One prominent approach toward resolving the adversarial vulnerability of deep neural networks is the two-player zero-sum paradigm of adversarial training, in which predictors are trained against adversarially chosen perturbations of data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Alexander Robey , Fabian Latorre , George J. Pappas , Hamed Hassani , Volkan Cevher

Fictitious play with reinforcement learning is a general and effective framework for zero-sum games. However, using the current deep neural network models, the implementation of fictitious play faces crucial challenges. Neural network model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-02 Rong-Jun Qin , Jing-Cheng Pang , Yang Yu

We address two major challenges of implicit coordination in multi-agent deep reinforcement learning: non-stationarity and exponential growth of state-action space, by combining Deep-Q Networks for policy learning with Nash equilibrium for…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Griffin Adams , Sarguna Janani Padmanabhan , Shivang Shekhar

In this paper, the problem of finding a Nash equilibrium of a multi-player game is considered. The players are only aware of their own cost functions as well as the action space of all players. We develop a relatively fast algorithm within…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-05-09 Farzad Salehisadaghiani , Lacra Pavel

We study decentralized learning in two-player zero-sum discounted Markov games where the goal is to design a policy optimization algorithm for either agent satisfying two properties. First, the player does not need to know the policy of the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Zhuoqing Song , Jason D. Lee , Zhuoran Yang

There has been substantial progress on finding game-theoretic equilibria. Most of that work has focused on games with finite, discrete action spaces. However, many games involving space, time, money, and other fine-grained quantities have…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Carlos Martin , Tuomas Sandholm

Mean Field Games (MFGs) have the ability to handle large-scale multi-agent systems, but learning Nash equilibria in MFGs remains a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm that achieves…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Zida Wu , Mathieu Lauriere , Samuel Jia Cong Chua , Matthieu Geist , Olivier Pietquin , Ankur Mehta

There have been numerous breakthroughs with reinforcement learning in the recent years, perhaps most notably on Deep Reinforcement Learning successfully playing and winning relatively advanced computer games. There is undoubtedly an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-12-19 Per-Arne Andersen , Morten Goodwin , Ole-Christoffer Granmo

In this paper, we consider the problem of optimization and learning for constrained and multi-objective Markov decision processes, for both discounted rewards and expected average rewards. We formulate the problems as zero-sum games where…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-05 Ather Gattami , Qinbo Bai , Vaneet Agarwal

We present a method to automatically find security strategies for the use case of intrusion prevention. Following this method, we model the interaction between an attacker and a defender as a Markov game and let attack and defense…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Kim Hammar , Rolf Stadler

2-TBSG is a two-player game model which aims to find Nash equilibriums and is widely utilized in reinforced learning and AI. Inspired by the fact that the simplex method for solving the deterministic discounted Markov decision processes…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Zeyu Jia , Zaiwen Wen , Yinyu Ye