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The precise and accurate indoor positioning using cellular communication technology remains to be a prerequisite for several industrial applications, including the emergence of a new topic of Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC).…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-20 Karthik Muthineni , Alexander Artemenko , Josep Vidal , Montse Nájar

As we move towards 6G, the demand for high-precision, cost-effective positioning solutions becomes increasingly critical. Single-anchor positioning offers a promising alternative to traditional multi-anchor approaches, particularly in…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-06 Thodoris Spanos , Fran Fabra , José A. López-Salcedo , Gonzalo Seco-Granados , Nikos Kanistras , Ivan Lapin , Vassilis Paliouras

5G New Radio (NR) is a key enabler of accurate positioning in smart cities and smart factories. This paper presents the experimental results from three 5G positioning testbeds running open-source OpenAirInterface (OAI) gNB and Core Network…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Mohsen Ahadi , Adeel Malik , Omid Esrafilian , Florian Kaltenberger , Cedric Thienot

Indoor positioning faces ongoing challenges due to complex propagation conditions, such as multipath propagation, signal blockages, and intrinsic target characteristics that substantially impact measurement reliability and positioning…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-23 Maximiliano Rivera Figueroa , Jannis Held , Pradyumna Kumar Bishoyi , Marina Petrova

In this paper, we study probabilistic time-of-arrival (ToA) and angle-of-arrival (AoA) joint localization in real indoor environments. To mitigate the effects of multipath propagation, the joint localization algorithm incorporates into the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-04-01 Chunhua Geng , Traian E. Abrudan , Veli-Matti Kolmonen , Howard Huang

Indoor positioning is one of the core technologies of Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI), and is expected to play a significant role in the upcoming era of AI. However, affected by the complexity of indoor…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-23 Liang Chen , Xin Zhou , Feifei Chen , Lie-Liang Yang , Ruizhi Chen

Accurate positioning is a key enabler for emerging 5G applications. While the standardized Location Management Function (LMF) operates centrally within the core network, its scalability and latency limitations hinder low-latency and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Alberto Ceresoli , Viola Bernazzoli , Roberto Pegurri , Ilario Filippini

Accurate indoor localization has long been a challenging problem due to the presence of multipath. Joint direction-of-arrival (DOA) and time delay (TD) estimation is a promising technique for accurate indoor Localization in next generation…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Fei Wen , Peilin Liu , Haichao Wei , Yi Zhang

This paper presents a comprehensive exploration of Angle of Arrival (AoA) estimation techniques in 5G environments, using the Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) in Uplink scenarios both in simulations and with actual measurements. Leveraging…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-26 Thodoris Spanos , Fran Fabra , José A. López-Salcedo , Gonzalo Seco-Granados , Nikos Kanistras , Ivan Lapin , Vassilis Paliouras

Owing to the ubiquity of cellular communication signals, positioning with the fifth generation (5G) signal has emerged as a promising solution in global navigation satellite system-denied areas. Unfortunately, although the widely employed…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-09 Mengguan Pan , Shengheng Liu , Peng Liu , Wangdong Qi , Yongming Huang , Wang Zheng , Qihui Wu , Markus Gardill

5G positioning is a very promising area that presents many opportunities and challenges. Many existing techniques rely on multiple anchor nodes and line-of-sight (LOS) paths, or single reference node and single-bounce non-LOS (NLOS) paths.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-16 Zhixing Li , Fan Jiang , Henk Wymeersch , Fuxi Wen

The recently released Bluetooth 5.1 specification introduces fine-grained positioning capabilities in this wireless technology, which is deemed essential to context-/location-based Internet of Things (IoT) applications. In this paper, we…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Marco Cominelli , Paul Patras , Francesco Gringoli

mmWave communication has come up as the unexplored spectrum for 5G services. With new standards for 5G NR positioning, more off-the-shelf platforms and algorithms are needed to perform indoor positioning. An object can be accurately…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-15 Neharika Valecha , Jesus Omar Lacruz , Michael Lentmaier , Joerg Widmer , Fredrik Tufvesson

The ubiquity, large bandwidth, and spatial diversity of the fifth generation (5G) cellular signal render it a promising candidate for accurate positioning in indoor environments where the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signal is…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-10 Mengguan Pan , Peng Liu , Shengheng Liu , Wangdong Qi , Yongming Huang , Xiaohu You , Xinghua Jia , Xiaodong Li

This paper presents a stochastic geometry-based analysis of propagation statistics for 5G millimeter wave (mm-wave) cellular. In particular, the time-of-arrival (TOA) and angle-of-arrival (AOA) distributions of the first-arriving multipath…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Christopher E. O'Lone , Harpreet S. Dhillon , R. Michael Buehrer

In this paper, we consider positioning with observed-time-difference-of-arrival (OTDOA) for a device deployed in long-term-evolution (LTE) based narrow-band Internet-of-things (NB-IoT) systems. We propose an iterative…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-09-07 Sha Hu , Axel Berg , Xuhong Li , Fredrik Rusek

This paper presents, for the first time, an open-source implementation of the 3GPP Uplink Time Difference of Arrival (UL-TDoA) positioning method using the OpenAirInterface (OAI) framework. UL-TDoA is a critical positioning technique in 5G…

We investigate localization of a source based on angle of arrival (AoA) measurements made at a geographically dispersed network of cooperating receivers. The goal is to efficiently compute accurate estimates despite outliers in the AoA…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2012-06-19 Bharath Ananthasubramaniam , Upamanyu Madhow

Positioning is becoming a key component in many Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The main challenges and limitations are the narrow bandwidth, low power and low cost which reduces the accuracy of the time of arrival (TOA) estimation.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-21 Guangjin Pan , Tao Wang , Xiufeng Jiang , Shunqing Zhang

This study analyzes the performance of positioning techniques based on configuration changes of 5G New Radio signals. In 5G networks, a terminal position is determined from the Time of Arrival of Positioning Reference Signals transmitted by…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-31 Juyeop Kim , Hyejin Shin , Sohee Kim , Ilmu Byun
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