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Foundation models pre-trained through masked reconstruction on large-scale EEG data have emerged as a promising paradigm for learning generalizable neural representations across diverse brain-computer interface applications. However, a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yang Shao , Peiliang Gong , Qun Dai , Daoqiang Zhang

Bibian et al. show in their recent paper (Bibi\'an et al. 2021) that eye and head movements can affect the EEG-based classification in a reaching motor task. These movements can generate artefacts that can cause an overoptimistic estimation…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-07-25 Patrick Ofner , Joana Pereira , Reinmar Kobler , Andreas Schwarz , Gernot R. Müller-Putz

The close coupling of artificial intelligence (AI) and electroencephalography (EEG) has substantially advanced human-computer interaction (HCI) technologies in the AI era. Different from traditional EEG systems, the interpretability and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-19 Xinliang Zhou , Chenyu Liu , Jinan Zhou , Zhongruo Wang , Liming Zhai , Ziyu Jia , Cuntai Guan , Yang Liu

Knowing the correct skull conductivity is crucial for the accuracy of EEG source imaging, but unfortunately, its true value, which is inter- and intra-individually varying, is difficult to determine. In this paper, we propose a statistical…

Medical Physics · Physics 2020-09-07 Ville Rimpiläinen , Alexandra Koulouri , Felix Lucka , Jari P Kaipio , Carsten H Wolters

Electroencephalography (EEG) allows monitoring of brain activity, providing insights into the functional dynamics of various brain regions and their roles in cognitive processes. EEG is a cornerstone in sleep research, serving as the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Niloy Sikder , Paul Zerr , Mahdad Jafarzadeh Esfahani , Martin Dresler , Matthias Krauledat

Electroencephalography (EEG) foundation models have recently emerged as a promising paradigm for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), aiming to learn transferable neural representations from large-scale heterogeneous recordings. Despite rapid…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Dingkun Liu , Yuheng Chen , Zhu Chen , Zhenyao Cui , Yaozhi Wen , Jiayu An , Jingwei Luo , Dongrui Wu

The electroencephalogram (EEG) offers a non-invasive means by which a listener's auditory system may be monitored during continuous speech perception. Reliable auditory-EEG decoders could facilitate the objective diagnosis of hearing…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-18 Mike Thornton , Danilo Mandic , Tobias Reichenbach

Subcortical structures play a critical role in brain function. However, options for assessing electrophysiological activity in these structures are limited. Electromagnetic fields generated by neuronal activity in subcortical structures can…

Until recently, human behavioral data from reading has mainly been of interest to researchers to understand human cognition. However, these human language processing signals can also be beneficial in machine learning-based natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-11 Nora Hollenstein , Cedric Renggli , Benjamin Glaus , Maria Barrett , Marius Troendle , Nicolas Langer , Ce Zhang

We present a novel solution to the problem of localizing magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) brain signals. The solution is sequential and iterative, and is based on minimizing the least-squares criterion by the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-02-03 Amir Adler , Mati Wax , Dimitrios Pantazis

The human brain receives stimuli in multiple ways; among them, audio constitutes an important source of relevant stimuli for the brain regarding communication, amusement, warning, etc. In this context, the aim of this manuscript is to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-21 Isaac Ariza , Ana M. Barbancho , Lorenzo J. Tardon , Isabel Barbancho

Selective attention enables humans to efficiently process visual stimuli by enhancing important elements and filtering out irrelevant information. Locating visual attention is fundamental in neuroscience with potential applications in…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-19 Yuanyuan Yao , Wout De Swaef , Simon Geirnaert , Alexander Bertrand

Human electroencephalography (EEG) is a brain monitoring modality that senses cortical neuroelectrophysiological activity in high-temporal resolution. One of the greatest challenges posed in applications of EEG is the unstable signal…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-22 Pin-Hua Lai , Bo-Shan Wang , Wei-Chun Yang , Hsiang-Chieh Tsou , Chun-Shu Wei

Current AI systems excel at pattern recognition but fail at causal reasoning. We argue this is not an engineering limitation but reveals something fundamental about the nature of understanding itself. We propose that causal cognition…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-20 Ahmed Gamal Eldin

Cybersickness poses a serious challenge for users of virtual reality (VR) technology. Consequently, there has been significant effort to track its occurrence during VR use with passive measures like brain activity recorded through…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Jacqueline Yau , Katherine J. Mimnaugh , Evan G. Center , Timo Ojala , Steven M. LaValle , Wenzhen Yuan , Nancy Amato , Minje Kim , Kara D. Federmeier

This paper focuses on EEG-based visual recognition, aiming to predict the visual object class observed by a subject based on his/her EEG signals. One of the main challenges is the large variation between signals from different subjects. It…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Pilhyeon Lee , Sunhee Hwang , Seogkyu Jeon , Hyeran Byun

Electroencephalography (EEG) data present unique modeling challenges because recordings vary in length, exhibit very low signal to noise ratios, differ significantly across participants, drift over time within sessions, and are rarely…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-05 Shahar Ain Kedem , Itamar Zimerman , Eliya Nachmani

Deep learning models perform best with abundant, high-quality labels, yet such conditions are rarely achievable in EEG-based emotion recognition. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are easily corrupted by artifacts and individual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Hyo-Jeong Jang , Hye-Bin Shin , Kang Yin

EEG signals are complex and low-frequency signals. Therefore, they are easily influenced by external factors. EEG artifact removal is crucial in neuroscience because artifacts have a significant impact on the results of EEG analysis. The…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-27 Mehmet Akif Ozdemir , Sumeyye Kizilisik , Onan Guren

It has been classically conjectured that the brain assigns probabilistic models to sequences of stimuli. An important issue associated with this conjecture is the identification of the classes of models used by the brain to perform this…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2023-12-29 Fernando A. Najman , Antonio Galves , Marcela Svarc , Claudia D. Vargas