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Reliable out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical requirement for the safe deployment of machine learning systems. Despite recent progress, state-of-the-art OOD detectors are highly susceptible to adversarial attacks, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Maria Stoica , Abdelrahman Hekal , Alessio Lomuscio

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task for reliable machine learning. Recent advances in representation learning give rise to distance-based OOD detection, where testing samples are detected as OOD if they are relatively far…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Yifei Ming , Yiyou Sun , Ousmane Dia , Yixuan Li

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have become the de facto learning mechanism in different domains. Their tendency to perform unreliably on out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs hinders their adoption in critical domains. Several approaches have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Vahdat Abdelzad , Krzysztof Czarnecki , Rick Salay

Graph-level representation learning is important in a wide range of applications. Existing graph-level models are generally built on i.i.d. assumption for both training and testing graphs. However, in an open world, models can encounter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Zhihao Ding , Jieming Shi , Shiqi Shen , Xuequn Shang , Jiannong Cao , Zhipeng Wang , Zhi Gong

A crucial requirement for reliable deployment of deep learning models for safety-critical applications is the ability to identify out-of-distribution (OOD) data points, samples which differ from the training data and on which a model might…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Dennis Ulmer , Giovanni Cinà

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for ensuring the reliability of deep learning models in real-world applications. Existing methods typically focus on feature representations or output-space analysis, often assuming a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Mostafa ElAraby , Sabyasachi Sahoo , Yann Pequignot , Paul Novello , Liam Paull

Recent advances in deep learning have led to breakthroughs in the development of automated skin disease classification. As we observe an increasing interest in these models in the dermatology space, it is crucial to address aspects such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Hannah Kim , Girmaw Abebe Tadesse , Celia Cintas , Skyler Speakman , Kush Varshney

Data outside the problem domain poses significant threats to the security of AI-based intelligent systems. Aiming to investigate the data domain and out-of-distribution (OOD) data in AI quality management (AIQM) study, this paper proposes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Tinghui Ouyang , Isao Echizen , Yoshiki Seo

Detecting test-time distribution shift has emerged as a key capability for safely deployed machine learning models, with the question being tackled under various guises in recent years. In this paper, we aim to provide a consolidated view…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Hongjun Wang , Sagar Vaze , Kai Han

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs is critical for safely deploying deep learning models in the real world. Existing approaches for detecting OOD examples work well when evaluated on benign in-distribution and OOD samples. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-10 Jiefeng Chen , Yixuan Li , Xi Wu , Yingyu Liang , Somesh Jha

In open-set semi-supervised learning (OSSL), we consider unlabeled datasets that may contain unknown classes. Existing OSSL methods often use the softmax confidence for classifying data as in-distribution (ID) or out-of-distribution (OOD).…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Erik Wallin , Lennart Svensson , Fredrik Kahl , Lars Hammarstrand

Out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs can compromise the performance and safety of real world machine learning systems. While many methods exist for OOD detection and work well on small scale datasets with lower resolution and few classes, few…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Hong Yang , William Gebhardt , Alexander G. Ororbia , Travis Desell

A crucial requirement for machine learning algorithms is not only to perform well, but also to show robustness and adaptability when encountering novel scenarios. One way to achieve these characteristics is to endow the deep learning models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Eduardo Aguilar , Bogdan Raducanu , Petia Radeva

Deep neural networks for image classification only learn to map in-distribution inputs to their corresponding ground truth labels in training without differentiating out-of-distribution samples from in-distribution ones. This results from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Zhilin Zhao , Longbing Cao , Kun-Yu Lin

Advancements in synthesized speech have created a growing threat of impersonation, making it crucial to develop deepfake algorithm recognition. One significant aspect is out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, which has gained notable…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-05 Renmingyue Du , Jixun Yao , Qiuqiang Kong , Yin Cao

Software vulnerabilities (SVs) have become a common, serious, and crucial concern to safety-critical security systems. That leads to significant progress in the use of AI-based methods for software vulnerability detection (SVD). In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Van Nguyen , Xingliang Yuan , Tingmin Wu , Surya Nepal , Marthie Grobler , Carsten Rudolph

In the open world, detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data, whose labels are disjoint with those of in-distribution (ID) samples, is important for reliable deep neural networks (DNNs). To achieve better detection performance, one type of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Yingwen Wu , Ruiji Yu , Xinwen Cheng , Zhengbao He , Xiaolin Huang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a task that detects OOD samples during inference to ensure the safety of deployed models. However, conventional benchmarks have reached performance saturation, making it difficult to compare recent OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Shiho Noda , Atsuyuki Miyai , Qing Yu , Go Irie , Kiyoharu Aizawa

The complex and dynamic real-world clinical environment demands reliable deep learning (DL) systems. Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection plays a critical role in enhancing the reliability and generalizability of DL models when encountering…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Jiangbei Yue , Darren Treanor , Venkataraman Subramanian , Sharib Ali

The safe deployment of machine learning and AI models in open-world settings hinges critically on the ability to detect out-of-distribution (OOD) data accurately, data samples that contrast vastly from what the model was trained with.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Andrija Djurisic , Rosanne Liu , Mladen Nikolic