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Blockchain technology has advanced rapidly in recent years and is now widely used in a variety of fields. Blockchain appears to be one of the best solutions for managing massive heterogeneous devices while achieving advanced data security…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Xu Yuan , Fang Luo , Muhammad Zeeshan Haider , Zhikui Chen , Yucheng Li

Cooperation is fundamental for human prosperity. Blockchain, as a trust machine, is a cooperative institution in cyberspace that supports cooperation through distributed trust with consensus protocols. While studies in computer science…

General Economics · Economics 2023-01-23 Luyao Zhang , Xinyu Tian

We introduce a new permissionless blockchain architecture called ABC. ABC is completely asynchronous, and does rely on neither randomness nor proof-of-work. ABC can be parallelized, and transactions have finality within one round trip of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Jakub Sliwinski , Roger Wattenhofer

Bitcoin demonstrated the possibility of a financial ledger that operates without the need for a trusted central authority. However, concerns persist regarding its security and considerable energy consumption. We assess the consensus…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Jacob D. Leshno , Elaine Shi , Rafael Pass

Existing permissioned blockchain systems designate a fixed and explicit group of committee nodes to run a consensus protocol that confirms the same sequence of blocks among all nodes. Unfortunately, when such a permissioned blockchain runs…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-12-16 Xusheng Chen , Shixiong Zhao , Ji Qi , Jianyu Jiang , Haoze Song , Cheng Wang , Tsz On Li , T. -H. Hubert Chan , Fengwei Zhang , Xiapu Luo , Sen Wang , Gong Zhang , Heming Cui

The purpose of a consensus protocol is to keep a distributed network of nodes "in sync," even in the presence of an unpredictable communication network and adversarial behavior by some of the participating nodes. In the permissionless…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Eric Budish , Andrew Lewis-Pye , Tim Roughgarden

Crosschain communications allows information to be communicated between blockchains. Consensus in the context of crosschain communications relates to how participants on one blockchain are convinced of the state of a remote blockchain. It…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Peter Robinson

Interoperability is essential for transforming blockchains from isolated networks into collaborative ecosystems, unlocking their full potential. While significant progress has been made in public blockchain interoperability, bridging…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Saeed Moradi , Koosha Esmaeilzadeh Khorasani , Sara Rouhani

Blockchain technologies can enable secure computing environments among mistrusting parties. Permissioned blockchains are particularly enlightened by companies, enterprises, and government agencies due to their efficiency, customizability,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Minghui Xu , Shuo Liu , Dongxiao Yu , Xiuzhen Cheng , Shaoyong Guo , Jiguo Yu

With the rise of cryptocurrencies, many new applications built on decentralized blockchains have emerged. Blockchains are full-stack distributed systems where multiple sub-systems interact. While many deployed blockchains and decentralized…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Ivan Homoliak

Blockchain has been regarded as a promising technology for Internet of Things (IoT), since it provides significant solutions for decentralized network which can address trust and security concerns, high maintenance cost problem, etc. The…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-07-24 Bin Cao , Yixin Li , Lei Zhang , Long Zhang , Shahid Mumtaz , Zhenyu Zhou , Mugen Peng

Blockchain is one of the most discussed and highly accepted technologies, primarily due to its application in almost every field where third parties are needed for trust. Blockchain technology relies on distributed consensus for trust,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Arman Rasoodl Faridi , Faraz Masood , Ali Haider Thabet Shamsan , Mohammad Luqman , Monir Yahya Salmony

Recently, enterprises have paid attention to permissioned blockchain (BC), where business transactions among inter-authorized organizations (forming a consortium) can automatically be executed on the basis of a distributed consensus…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-01 Tatsuya Sato , Yosuke Himura , Jun Nemoto

With the rapid growth of hyperconnected devices and decentralized data architectures, safeguarding Internet of Things (IoT) transactions is becoming increasingly challenging. Blockchain presents a promising solution, yet its effectiveness…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Sokratis Vavilis , Harris Niavis , Konstantinos Loupos

Research in the field of blockchain technology and applications is increasing at a fast pace. Although the Bitcoin whitepaper by Nakamoto is already ten years old, the field can still be seen as immature and at an early stage. Current…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-07-23 Christopher Ehmke , Florian Blum , Volker Gruhn

A blockchain is a distributed ledger forming a distributed consensus on a history of transactions. It is the underlying technology for the Bitcoin cryptocurrency, but there are many applications beyond the financial sector. With built-in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-12-23 Nathaniel Aldred , Luke Baal , Graeham Broda , Steven Trumble , Qusay H. Mahmoud

Consensus protocols have traditionally been studied in a setting where all participants are known to each other from the start of the protocol execution. In the parlance of the 'blockchain' literature, this is referred to as the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-01-25 Andrew Lewis-Pye , Tim Roughgarden

In this paper we address the issue of identity and access control within shared permissioned blockchains. We propose the ChainAchor system that provides anonymous but verifiable identities for entities on the blockchain. ChainAchor also…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-03-13 Thomas Hardjono , Alex Pentland

Blockchain technology offers a decentralized and secure method for storing and authenticating data, rendering it well-suited for various applications such as digital currencies, supply chain management, and voting systems. However, the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Mohammad R. Shakournia , Pooya Jamshidi , Hamid Reza Faragardi , Nasser Yazdani

Blockchain consensus mechanisms have relied on algorithms such as Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Stake (PoS) to ensure network functionality and integrity. However, these approaches struggle with adaptability for decision-making where the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Apurba Pokharel , Ram Dantu , Shakila Zaman , Vinh Quach , Sirisha Talapuru