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We propose a high efficiency tomographic scheme to reconstruct an unknown quantum state of the qubits by using a series of quantum nondemolition (QND) measurements. The proposed QND measurements of the qubits are implemented by probing the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-20 J. S. Huang , L. F. Wei , C. H. Oh

We present a framework that formulates the quest for the most efficient quantum state tomography scheme as an optimization problem which can be solved numerically. This approach can be applied to a broad spectrum of relevant setups…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-17 Violeta N. Ivanova-Rohling , Guido Burkard , Niklas Rohling

Rapid improvement in quantum hardware has opened the door to complex problems, but the precise characterization of quantum systems itself remains a challenge. To address this obstacle, novel tomography schemes have been developed that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-08 Abigail McClain Gomez , Susanne F. Yelin , Khadijeh Najafi

We describe an algorithm for quantum state tomography that converges in polynomial time to an estimate, together with a rigorous error bound on the fidelity between the estimate and the true state. The result suggests that state tomography…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-02-23 Steven T. Flammia , David Gross , Stephen D. Bartlett , Rolando Somma

Based on recently introduced efficient quantum state tomography schemes, we propose a scalable method for the tomography of unitary processes and the reconstruction of one-dimensional local Hamiltonians. As opposed to the exponential…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-30 M. Holzäpfel , T. Baumgratz , M. Cramer , M. B. Plenio

Quantum information technologies provide promising applications in communication and computation, while machine learning has become a powerful technique for extracting meaningful structures in 'big data'. A crossover between quantum…

Quantum tomography has become a key tool for the assessment of quantum states, processes, and devices. This drives the search for tomographic methods that achieve greater accuracy. In the case of mixed states of a single 2-dimensional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-14 Leonardo Zambrano , Luciano Pereira , Sebastian Niklitschek , Aldo Delgado

We present a formalism for self-calibrating tomography of arbitrary dimensional systems. Self-calibrating quantum state tomography was first introduced in the context of qubits, and allows the reconstruction of the density matrix of an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-06-26 Nicolás Quesada , Agata M. Brańczyk , Daniel F. V. James

Quantum state tomography (QST) is a challenging task in intermediate-scale quantum devices. Here, we apply conditional generative adversarial networks (CGANs) to QST. In the CGAN framework, two duelling neural networks, a generator and a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-04 Shahnawaz Ahmed , Carlos Sánchez Muñoz , Franco Nori , Anton Frisk Kockum

The tomographic reconstruction of the state of a quantum-mechanical system is an essential component in the development of quantum technologies. We present an overview of different tomographic methods for determining the quantum-mechanical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-02-09 Roman Schmied

As quantum technologies advance, the ability to generate increasingly large quantum states has experienced rapid development. In this context, the verification and estimation of large entangled systems represents one of the main challenges…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-30 Joshua Morris , Valeria Saggio , Aleksandra Gočanin , Borivoje Dakić

Quantum shadow tomography based on the classical shadow representation provides an efficient way to estimate properties of an unknown quantum state without performing a full quantum state tomography. In scenarios where estimating the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-13 Aniket Sengupta , Arijit Chatterjee , G. J. Sreejith , T. S. Mahesh

Quantum state tomography (QST) is the process of reconstructing the complete state of a quantum system (mathematically described as a density matrix) through a series of different measurements. These measurements are performed on a number…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-08 Hailan Ma , Zhenhong Sun , Daoyi Dong , Dong Gong

Recent work has shown that for one-dimensional quantum states that can be effectively approximated by matrix product operators (MPOs), a polynomial number of copies of the state suffices for reconstruction. Compared to MPOs in one…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-23 Zhen Qin , Zhihui Zhu

Quantum computing shows promise for addressing computationally intensive problems but is constrained by the exponential resource requirements of general quantum state tomography (QST), which fully characterizes quantum states through…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-12 Hao Su , Shiying Xiong , Yue Yang

We introduce an approach for performing quantum state reconstruction on systems of $n$ qubits using a machine-learning-based reconstruction system trained exclusively on $m$ qubits, where $m\geq n$. This approach removes the necessity of…

Resource-efficient quantum state tomography is one of the key ingredients of future quantum technologies. In this work, we propose a new tomography protocol combining standard quantum state reconstruction methods with an attention-based…

Quantum tomography is a crucial tool for characterizing quantum states and devices and estimating nonlinear properties of the systems. Performing full quantum state tomography on an $N_\mathrm{q}$ qubit system requires an exponentially…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-09 Zhixin Song , Hang Ren , Melody Lee , Bryan Gard , Nicolas Renaud , Spencer H. Bryngelson

Extracting information from quantum devices has long been a crucial problem in the field of quantum mechanics. By performing elaborate measurements, quantum state tomography, an important and fundamental tool in quantum science and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-24 Yu Wang , Keren Li

The experimental realisation of large scale many-body systems has seen immense progress in recent years, rendering full tomography tools for state identification inefficient, especially for continuous systems. In order to work with these…