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Offline Reinforcement Learning (RL) focuses on learning policies solely from a batch of previously collected data. offering the potential to leverage such datasets effectively without the need for costly or risky active exploration. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Riccardo Zamboni , Enrico Brunetti , Marcello Restelli

Representation rank is an important concept for understanding the role of Neural Networks (NNs) in Deep Reinforcement learning (DRL), which measures the expressive capacity of value networks. Existing studies focus on unboundedly maximizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Qiang He , Tianyi Zhou , Meng Fang , Setareh Maghsudi

For continuous action spaces, actor-critic methods are widely used in online reinforcement learning (RL). However, unlike RL algorithms for discrete actions, which generally model the optimal value function using the Bellman optimality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Motoki Omura , Kazuki Ota , Takayuki Osa , Yusuke Mukuta , Tatsuya Harada

We study the problem of off-policy evaluation (OPE) in reinforcement learning (RL), where the goal is to estimate the performance of a policy from the data generated by another policy(ies). In particular, we focus on the doubly robust (DR)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-25 Mehrdad Farajtabar , Yinlam Chow , Mohammad Ghavamzadeh

In real-world applications with large state and action spaces, reinforcement learning (RL) typically employs function approximations to represent core components like the policies, value functions, and dynamics models. Although powerful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Chenxiao Gao , Haotian Sun , Na Li , Dale Schuurmans , Bo Dai

Offline Reinforcement Learning (RL) enables policy improvement from fixed datasets without online interactions, making it highly suitable for real-world applications lacking efficient simulators. Despite its success in the single-agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Jingxiao Chen , Weiji Xie , Weinan Zhang , Yong yu , Ying Wen

Offline (or batch) reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms seek to learn an optimal policy from a fixed dataset without active data collection. Based on the composition of the offline dataset, two main categories of methods are used:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Paria Rashidinejad , Banghua Zhu , Cong Ma , Jiantao Jiao , Stuart Russell

Offline reinforcement learning (offline RL), which aims to find an optimal policy from a previously collected static dataset, bears algorithmic difficulties due to function approximation errors from out-of-distribution (OOD) data points. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-06 Gaon An , Seungyong Moon , Jang-Hyun Kim , Hyun Oh Song

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) allows for the training of competent agents from offline datasets without any interaction with the environment. Online finetuning of such offline models can further improve performance. But how should we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Yicheng Luo , Jackie Kay , Edward Grefenstette , Marc Peter Deisenroth

Sample efficiency and exploration remain major challenges in online reinforcement learning (RL). A powerful approach that can be applied to address these issues is the inclusion of offline data, such as prior trajectories from a human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Philip J. Ball , Laura Smith , Ilya Kostrikov , Sergey Levine

A compelling use case of offline reinforcement learning (RL) is to obtain a policy initialization from existing datasets followed by fast online fine-tuning with limited interaction. However, existing offline RL methods tend to behave…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Mitsuhiko Nakamoto , Yuexiang Zhai , Anikait Singh , Max Sobol Mark , Yi Ma , Chelsea Finn , Aviral Kumar , Sergey Levine

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) aims to learn an optimal policy from pre-collected data. However, it faces challenges of distributional shift, where the learned policy may encounter unseen scenarios not covered in the offline data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Jin Zhu , Xin Zhou , Jiaang Yao , Gholamali Aminian , Omar Rivasplata , Simon Little , Lexin Li , Chengchun Shi

We study computationally and statistically efficient Reinforcement Learning algorithms for the linear Bellman Complete setting. This setting uses linear function approximation to capture value functions and unifies existing models like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Runzhe Wu , Ayush Sekhari , Akshay Krishnamurthy , Wen Sun

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) breaks through the bottlenecks of traditional reinforcement learning (RL) with the help of the perception capability of deep learning and has been widely applied in real-world problems.While model-free RL,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Tingting Zhao , Ying Wang , Wei Sun , Yarui Chen , Gang Niub , Masashi Sugiyama

With the widespread adoption of deep learning, reinforcement learning (RL) has experienced a dramatic increase in popularity, scaling to previously intractable problems, such as playing complex games from pixel observations, sustaining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-20 Rafael Figueiredo Prudencio , Marcos R. O. A. Maximo , Esther Luna Colombini

This work studies the question of Representation Learning in RL: how can we learn a compact low-dimensional representation such that on top of the representation we can perform RL procedures such as exploration and exploitation, in a sample…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-07 Masatoshi Uehara , Xuezhou Zhang , Wen Sun

Bootstrapping provides a flexible and effective approach for assessing the quality of batch reinforcement learning, yet its theoretical property is less understood. In this paper, we study the use of bootstrapping in off-policy evaluation…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-05-24 Botao Hao , Xiang Ji , Yaqi Duan , Hao Lu , Csaba Szepesvári , Mengdi Wang

We consider offline Reinforcement Learning (RL), where the agent does not interact with the environment and must rely on offline data collected using a behavior policy. Previous works provide policy evaluation guarantees when the target…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Xumei Xi , Christina Lee Yu , Yudong Chen

Blind Face Restoration (BFR) encounters inherent challenges in exploring its large solution space, leading to common artifacts like missing details and identity ambiguity in the restored images. To tackle these challenges, we propose a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Bin Wu , Yahui Liu , Chi Zhang , Yao Zhao , Wei Wang

Fitted $Q$-evaluation (FQE) is a standard regression-based tool for off-policy evaluation, but existing stability guarantees often rely on Bellman completeness, a strong closure condition that can fail under function approximation. We study…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-11 Lars van der Laan , Nathan Kallus