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Related papers: Language Models (Mostly) Know What They Know

200 papers

Large reasoning models (LRMs) have recently demonstrated impressive capabilities in complex reasoning tasks by leveraging increased test-time computation and exhibiting behaviors reminiscent of human-like self-reflection. While LRMs show a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Qingcheng Zeng , Weihao Xuan , Leyang Cui , Rob Voigt

We investigate the calibration of large language models' (LLMs') confidence across diverse tasks. The results of our preregistered study show that the current crop of LLMs are, like people, too sure they are right: confidence exceeds…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Noam Michael , Daniel BenShushan , Jacob Bien , Don A. Moore

Large language models must balance their weight-encoded knowledge with in-context information from prompts to generate accurate responses. This paper investigates this interplay by analyzing how models of varying capacities within the same…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Mohammad Reza Samsami , Mats Leon Richter , Juan Rodriguez , Megh Thakkar , Sarath Chandar , Maxime Gasse

Scaling the test-time compute of large language models has demonstrated impressive performance on reasoning benchmarks. However, existing evaluations of test-time scaling make the strong assumption that a reasoning system should always give…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-21 William Jurayj , Jeffrey Cheng , Benjamin Van Durme

In this paper, we evaluate the capability of transformer-based language models in making inferences over uncertain text that includes uncertain rules of reasoning. We cover both Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) and generative Large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Aliakbar Nafar , Kristen Brent Venable , Parisa Kordjamshidi

Large language models (LLMs) are highly capable of answering questions, but they are often unaware of their own knowledge boundary, i.e., knowing what they know and what they don't know. As a result, they can generate factually incorrect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Christopher Adrian Kusuma , Muhammad Reza Qorib , Hwee Tou Ng

We investigate whether large language models (LLMs) can predict whether they will succeed on a given task and whether their predictions improve as they progress through multi-step tasks. We also investigate whether LLMs can learn from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Casey O. Barkan , Sid Black , Oliver Sourbut

As language models accelerate scientific research by automating hypothesis generation and implementation, a new bottleneck emerges: evaluating and filtering hundreds of AI-generated ideas without exhaustive experimentation. We ask whether…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Srujan P Mule , Aniketh Garikaparthi , Manasi Patwardhan

In this paper, we study the ability of large language models to learn specific mathematical rules such as distributivity or simplifying equations. We present an empirical analysis of their ability to generalize these rules, as well as to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Antoine Gorceix , Bastien Le Chenadec , Ahmad Rammal , Nelson Vadori , Manuela Veloso

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown exceptional performance in various tasks, one of their most prominent drawbacks is generating inaccurate or false information with a confident tone. In this paper, we provide evidence that the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Amos Azaria , Tom Mitchell

Humans can attribute beliefs to others. However, it is unknown to what extent this ability results from an innate biological endowment or from experience accrued through child development, particularly exposure to language describing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Sean Trott , Cameron Jones , Tyler Chang , James Michaelov , Benjamin Bergen

Large language models are powerful systems that excel at many tasks, ranging from translation to mathematical reasoning. Yet, at the same time, these models often show unhuman-like characteristics. In the present paper, we address this gap…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Marcel Binz , Eric Schulz

This paper explores the potential of Large Language Models to accurately extract and translate equations from typed student responses into a standard format. This is a useful task as standardized equations can be graded reliably using a…

Physics Education · Physics 2025-12-17 Lachlan McGinness , Peter Baumgartner

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in agentic and multi-turn workflows where they are tasked to perform actions of significant consequence. In order to deploy them reliably and manage risky outcomes in these settings, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Arka Pal , Teo Kitanovski , Arthur Liang , Akilesh Potti , Micah Goldblum

Advances in deep learning systems have allowed large models to match or surpass human accuracy on a number of skills such as image classification, basic programming, and standardized test taking. As the performance of the most capable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Sarah Pratt , Seth Blumberg , Pietro Kreitlon Carolino , Meredith Ringel Morris

Honesty is a fundamental principle for aligning large language models (LLMs) with human values, requiring these models to recognize what they know and don't know and be able to faithfully express their knowledge. Despite promising, current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Siheng Li , Cheng Yang , Taiqiang Wu , Chufan Shi , Yuji Zhang , Xinyu Zhu , Zesen Cheng , Deng Cai , Mo Yu , Lemao Liu , Jie Zhou , Yujiu Yang , Ngai Wong , Xixin Wu , Wai Lam

Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) are trained on vast unlabeled data, rich in world knowledge. This fact has sparked the interest of the community in quantifying the amount of factual knowledge present in PLMs, as this explains their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Paul Youssef , Osman Alperen Koraş , Meijie Li , Jörg Schlötterer , Christin Seifert

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been evaluated using diverse question types, e.g., multiple-choice, true/false, and short/long answers. This study answers an unexplored question about the impact of different question types on LLM accuracy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Seok Hwan Song , Mohna Chakraborty , Qi Li , Wallapak Tavanapong

Pre-trained language models learn informative word representations on a large-scale text corpus through self-supervised learning, which has achieved promising performance in fields of natural language processing (NLP) after fine-tuning.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Jian Yang , Xinyu Hu , Gang Xiao , Yulong Shen

Common methods for aligning large language models (LLMs) with desired behaviour heavily rely on human-labelled data. However, as models grow increasingly sophisticated, they will surpass human expertise, and the role of human evaluation…