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Continual learning (CL) studies how models acquire tasks sequentially while retaining previously learned knowledge. Despite substantial progress in benchmarking CL methods, comparative evaluations typically keep the fine-tuning regime…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Paul-Tiberiu Iordache , Elena Burceanu

Continual learning (CL) aims to learn new tasks without forgetting previous tasks. However, existing CL methods require a large amount of raw data, which is often unavailable due to copyright considerations and privacy risks. Instead,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Enneng Yang , Zhenyi Wang , Li Shen , Nan Yin , Tongliang Liu , Guibing Guo , Xingwei Wang , Dacheng Tao

Federated continual learning (FCL) has garnered increasing attention for its ability to support distributed computation in environments with evolving data distributions. However, the emergence of new tasks introduces both temporal and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Danni Yang , Zhikang Chen , Sen Cui , Mengyue Yang , Ding Li , Abudukelimu Wuerkaixi , Haoxuan Li , Jinke Ren , Mingming Gong

Continual learning (CL) presents a fundamental challenge in training neural networks on sequential tasks without experiencing catastrophic forgetting. Traditionally, the dominant approach in CL has been gradient-based optimization, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Grzegorz Rypeść

Federated Class Continual Learning (FCCL) merges the challenges of distributed client learning with the need for seamless adaptation to new classes without forgetting old ones. The key challenge in FCCL is catastrophic forgetting, an issue…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Jinglin Liang , Jin Zhong , Hanlin Gu , Zhongqi Lu , Xingxing Tang , Gang Dai , Shuangping Huang , Lixin Fan , Qiang Yang

Growing concerns surrounding AI safety and data privacy have driven the development of Machine Unlearning as a potential solution. However, current machine unlearning algorithms are designed to complement the offline training paradigm. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Sayanta Adhikari , Vishnuprasadh Kumaravelu , P. K. Srijith

Variational continual learning (VCL) is a turn-key learning algorithm that has state-of-the-art performance among the best continual learning models. In our work, we explore an extension of the generalized variational continual learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Fan Yang

Task-incremental continual learning refers to continually training a model in a sequence of tasks while overcoming the problem of catastrophic forgetting (CF). The issue arrives for the reason that the learned representations are forgotten…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Yun Luo , Xiaotian Lin , Zhen Yang , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Yue Zhang

Continual learning (CL) aims to continually accumulate knowledge from a non-stationary data stream without catastrophic forgetting of learned knowledge, requiring a balance between stability and adaptability. Relying on the generalizable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Huiyi Wang , Haodong Lu , Lina Yao , Dong Gong

While reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms are achieving state-of-the-art performance in various challenging tasks, they can easily encounter catastrophic forgetting or interference when faced with lifelong streaming information. In the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Zhi Wang , Chunlin Chen , Daoyi Dong

Continual learning (CL) for Foundation Models (FMs) is an essential yet underexplored challenge, especially in Federated Continual Learning (FCL), where each client learns from a private, evolving task stream under strict data and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Hao Yu , Xin Yang , Boyang Fan , Xuemei Cao , Hanlin Gu , Lixin Fan , Qiang Yang

Data streams are rarely static in dynamic environments like Industry 4.0. Instead, they constantly change, making traditional offline models outdated unless they can quickly adjust to the new data. This need can be adequately addressed by…

Exemplar-free class incremental learning (EF-CIL) is a nontrivial task that requires continuously enriching model capability with new classes while maintaining previously learned knowledge without storing and replaying any old class…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Tianqi Wang , Jingcai Guo , Depeng Li , Zhi Chen

Continual learning (CL) learns a sequence of tasks incrementally with the goal of achieving two main objectives: overcoming catastrophic forgetting (CF) and encouraging knowledge transfer (KT) across tasks. However, most existing techniques…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-21 Zixuan Ke , Bing Liu , Nianzu Ma , Hu Xu , Lei Shu

This paper studies the challenging continual learning (CL) setting of Class Incremental Learning (CIL). CIL learns a sequence of tasks consisting of disjoint sets of concepts or classes. At any time, a single model is built that can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Gyuhak Kim , Changnan Xiao , Tatsuya Konishi , Bing Liu

Federated Continual Learning (FCL) has emerged as a robust solution for collaborative model training in dynamic environments, where data samples are continuously generated and distributed across multiple devices. This survey provides a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Parisa Hamedi , Roozbeh Razavi-Far , Ehsan Hallaji

Federated Continual Learning (FCL) leverages inter-client collaboration to balance new knowledge acquisition and prior knowledge retention in non-stationary data. However, existing batch-based FCL methods lack adaptability to streaming…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Sixing Tan , Xianmin Liu

The standard class-incremental continual learning setting assumes a set of tasks seen one after the other in a fixed and predefined order. This is not very realistic in federated learning environments where each client works independently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Donald Shenaj , Marco Toldo , Alberto Rigon , Pietro Zanuttigh

Transformer neural networks are increasingly replacing prior architectures in a wide range of applications in different data modalities. The increasing size and computational demands of fine-tuning large pre-trained transformer neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Yuliang Cai , Mohammad Rostami

Continual learning (CL) has emerged as a pivotal paradigm to enable large language models (LLMs) to dynamically adapt to evolving knowledge and sequential tasks while mitigating catastrophic forgetting-a critical limitation of the static…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Hongyang Chen , Zhongwu Sun , Hongfei Ye , Kunchi Li , Xuemin Lin