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Recently, spatial photonic Ising machines (SPIMs) have demonstrated the abilities to compute the Ising Hamiltonian of large-scale spin systems, with the advantages of ultrafast speed and high power efficiency. However, such optical…

Optics · Physics 2024-01-17 Li Luo , Zhiyi Mi , Junyi Huang , Zhichao Ruan

The growth of artificial intelligence and IoT has created a significant computational load for solving non-deterministic polynomial-time (NP)-hard problems, which are difficult to solve using conventional computers. The Ising computer,…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Jia Si , Shuhan Yang , Yunuo Cen , Jiaer Chen , Zhaoyang Yao , Dong-Jun Kim , Kaiming Cai , Jerald Yoo , Xuanyao Fong , Hyunsoo Yang

The rapid growth of artificial intelligence, coupled with the slowing of Moore's law, is straining computing infrastructure, as CMOS electronics face inherent limits in bandwidth, energy efficiency, and parallelism. Integrated photonic…

Emerging analog computing substrates, such as oscillator-based Ising machines, offer rapid convergence times for combinatorial optimization but often suffer from limited scalability due to physical implementation constraints. To tackle…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Ruihong Yin , Yue Zheng , Chaohui Li , Ahmet Efe , Abhimanyu Kumar , Ziqing Zeng , Ulya R. Karpuzcu , Sachin S. Sapatnekar , Chris H. Kim

This paper proposes a space-division multiplexed spatial-photonic Ising machine (SDM-SPIM) that physically calculates the weighted sum of the Ising Hamiltonians for individual components in a multi-component model. Space-division…

Ising machines are effective solvers for complex combinatorial optimization problems. The idea is mapping the optimal solution(s) to a combinatorial optimization problem to the minimum energy state(s) of a physical system, which naturally…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Hüsrev Cılasun , Abhimanyu Kumar , Ziqing Zeng , Nafisa Sadaf Prova , Sachin S. Sapatnekar , Ulya R. Karpuzcu

To tackle challenging combinatorial optimization problems, analog computing machines based on the nature-inspired Ising model are attracting increasing attentions in order to disruptively overcome the impending limitations on conventional…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Xin Ye , Wenjia Zhang , Shaomeng Wang , Xiaoxuan Yang , Zuyuan He

The Ising machine is an unconventional computing architecture that can be used to solve NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems more efficiently than traditional von Neumann architectures. Fast, compact oscillator networks which provide…

Computational Physics · Physics 2021-10-20 Brooke C. McGoldrick , Jonathan Z. Sun , Luqiao Liu

A non-equilibrium open-dissipative neural network, such as a coherent Ising machine based on mutually coupled optical parametric oscillators, has been proposed and demonstrated as a novel computing machine for hard combinatorial…

Computationally hard problems, including combinatorial optimization, can be mapped into the problem of finding the ground-state of an Ising Hamiltonian. Building physical systems with collective computational ability and distributed…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2021-03-02 Sourav Dutta , Abhishek Khanna , Adou S. Assoa , Hanjong Paik , Darrell Schlom , Zoltan Toroczkai , Arijit Raychowdhury , Suman Datta

The commercial and industrial demand for the solution of hard combinatorial optimization problems push forward the development of efficient solvers. One of them is the Ising machine which can solve combinatorial problems mapped to Ising…

It has recently been shown that optical parametric oscillator (OPO) Ising machines, consisting of coupled optical pulses circulating in a cavity with parametric gain, can be used to probabilistically find low-energy states of Ising spin…

Combinatorial optimization has wide applications from industry to natural science. Ising machines bring an emerging computing paradigm for efficiently solving a combinatorial optimization problem by searching a ground state of a given Ising…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-07-16 Kentaro Ohno , Tatsuhiko Shirai , Nozomu Togawa

The spatial photonic Ising machine (SPIM) [D. Pierangeli et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 213902 (2019)] is a promising optical architecture utilizing spatial light modulation for solving large-scale combinatorial optimization problems…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2023-08-09 Hiroshi Yamashita , Ken-ichi Okubo , Suguru Shimomura , Yusuke Ogura , Jun Tanida , Hideyuki Suzuki

A prominent approach to solving combinatorial optimization problems on parallel hardware is Ising machines, i.e., hardware implementations of networks of interacting binary spin variables. Most Ising machines leverage second-order…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Connor Bybee , Denis Kleyko , Dmitri E. Nikonov , Amir Khosrowshahi , Bruno A. Olshausen , Friedrich T. Sommer

Probabilistic computing with pbits is emerging as a computational paradigm for machine learning and for facing combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) with the so-called probabilistic Ising machines (PIMs). From a hardware point of view,…

Phase-retrieval from coded diffraction patterns (CDP) is important to X-ray crystallography, diffraction tomography and astronomical imaging, yet remains a hard, non-convex inverse problem. We show that CDP recovery can be reformulated…

Networks of optical oscillators simulating coupled Ising spins have been recently proposed as a heuristic platform to solve hard optimization problems. These networks, called coherent Ising machines (CIMs), exploit the fact that the…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-11-15 Marcello Calvanese Strinati , Davide Pierangeli , Claudio Conti

Finding an exact ground state of a three-dimensional (3D) Ising spin glass is proven to be an NP-hard problem (i.e., at least as hard as any problem in the nondeterministic polynomial-time (NP) class). Given validity of the exponential time…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-07-30 Hao Zhang , Alex Kamenev

Quantum or quantum-inspired Ising machines have recently shown promise in solving combinatorial optimization problems in a short time. Real-world applications, such as time division multiple access (TDMA) scheduling for wireless multi-hop…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Yohei Hamakawa , Tomoya Kashimata , Masaya Yamasaki , Kosuke Tatsumura