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Out-of-distribution detection (OOD) deals with anomalous input to neural networks. In the past, specialized methods have been proposed to reject predictions on anomalous input. Similarly, it was shown that feature extraction models in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Jan Diers , Christian Pigorsch

This paper presents a novel evaluation framework for Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection that aims to assess the performance of machine learning models in more realistic settings. We observed that the real-world requirements for testing OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Vahid Reza Khazaie , Anthony Wong , Mohammad Sabokrou

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical for ensuring the reliability of deep learning models in open-world applications. While post-hoc methods are favored for their efficiency and ease of deployment, existing approaches often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Jiachen Liang , Ruibing Hou , Minyang Hu , Hong Chang , Shiguang Shan , Xilin Chen

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs is a principal task for ensuring the safety of deploying deep-neural-network classifiers in open-set scenarios. OOD samples can be drawn from arbitrary distributions and exhibit deviations from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Choubo Ding , Guansong Pang

\noindent Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for the safe deployment of machine learning models. Extensive work has focused on devising various scoring functions for detecting OOD samples, while only a few studies focus on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yifan Ding , Xixi Liu , Jonas Unger , Gabriel Eilertsen

We present a new methodology for detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) images by utilizing norms of the score estimates at multiple noise scales. A score is defined to be the gradient of the log density with respect to the input data. Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Ahsan Mahmood , Junier Oliva , Martin Styner

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods often exploit auxiliary outliers to train model identifying OOD samples, especially discovering challenging outliers from auxiliary outliers dataset to improve OOD detection. However, they may…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Yichen Bai , Zongbo Han , Changqing Zhang , Bing Cao , Xiaoheng Jiang , Qinghua Hu

State-of-the-art Object Detection (OD) methods predominantly operate under a closed-world assumption, where test-time categories match those encountered during training. However, detecting and localizing unknown objects is crucial for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Daniel Montoya , Aymen Bouguerra , Alexandra Gomez-Villa , Fabio Arnez

Modern machine learning models, that excel on computer vision tasks such as classification and object detection, are often overconfident in their predictions for Out-of-Distribution (OOD) examples, resulting in unpredictable behaviour for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Brian K. S. Isaac-Medina , Mauricio Che , Yona F. A. Gaus , Samet Akcay , Toby P. Breckon

Accurate trajectory prediction is essential for the safe operation of autonomous vehicles in real-world environments. Even well-trained machine learning models may produce unreliable predictions due to discrepancies between training data…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Tongfe Guo , Taposh Banerjee , Rui Liu , Lili Su

A key feature of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is to exploit a trained neural network by extracting statistical patterns and relationships through the multi-layer classifier to detect shifts in the expected input data distribution.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Eduardo Dadalto , Pierre Colombo , Guillaume Staerman , Nathan Noiry , Pablo Piantanida

In this paper, we argue that the unsatisfactory out-of-distribution (OOD) detection performance of neural networks is mainly due to the SoftMax loss anisotropy and propensity to produce low entropy probability distributions in disagreement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-05 David Macêdo , Tsang Ing Ren , Cleber Zanchettin , Adriano L. I. Oliveira , Teresa Ludermir

The ability to detect unfamiliar or unexpected images is essential for safe deployment of computer vision systems. In the context of classification, the task of detecting images outside of a model's training domain is known as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Galadrielle Humblot-Renaux , Sergio Escalera , Thomas B. Moeslund

As deep learning methods form a critical part in commercially important applications such as autonomous driving and medical diagnostics, it is important to reliably detect out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs while employing these algorithms.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-12 Apoorv Vyas , Nataraj Jammalamadaka , Xia Zhu , Dipankar Das , Bharat Kaul , Theodore L. Willke

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have found widespread application in modeling graph data across diverse domains. While GNNs excel in scenarios where the testing data shares the distribution of their training counterparts (in distribution, ID),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Luzhi Wang , Dongxiao He , He Zhang , Yixin Liu , Wenjie Wang , Shirui Pan , Di Jin , Tat-Seng Chua

Out-of-distribution (OoD) inputs pose a persistent challenge to deep learning models, often triggering overconfident predictions on non-target objects. While prior work has primarily focused on refining scoring functions and adjusting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Changshun Wu , Weicheng He , Chih-Hong Cheng , Xiaowei Huang , Saddek Bensalem

Weakly supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) methods are often built on pixel-level localization maps obtained from a classifier. However, training on class labels only, classifiers suffer from the spurious correlation between foreground…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-09 Jungbeom Lee , Seong Joon Oh , Sangdoo Yun , Junsuk Choe , Eunji Kim , Sungroh Yoon

Many neural network-based out-of-distribution (OoD) detection methods have been proposed. However, they require many training data for each target task. We propose a simple yet effective meta-learning method to detect OoD with small…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-22 Tomoharu Iwata , Atsutoshi Kumagai

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is vital to safety-critical machine learning applications and has thus been extensively studied, with a plethora of methods developed in the literature. However, the field currently lacks a unified,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Jingkang Yang , Pengyun Wang , Dejian Zou , Zitang Zhou , Kunyuan Ding , Wenxuan Peng , Haoqi Wang , Guangyao Chen , Bo Li , Yiyou Sun , Xuefeng Du , Kaiyang Zhou , Wayne Zhang , Dan Hendrycks , Yixuan Li , Ziwei Liu

Research around Spiking Neural Networks has ignited during the last years due to their advantages when compared to traditional neural networks, including their efficient processing and inherent ability to model complex temporal dynamics.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Aitor Martinez Seras , Javier Del Ser , Jesus L. Lobo , Pablo Garcia-Bringas , Nikola Kasabov
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