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Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) has gathered significant interest for its potential to achieve high secret key rates and seamless integration with existing optical communication infrastructure. State-of-the-art CV-QKD…

This paper proposes a multi-mode Gaussian modulated continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) scheme able to operate at high bandwidth despite using conventional noisy, coherent detectors. We demonstrate enhancement in shotnoise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-24 Rupesh Kumar , Xinke Tang , Adrian Wonfor , Richard Penty , Ian White

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) has potential advantages of high secret key rate, which is very suitable for high-speed metropolitan network application. However, the reported highest secret key rates of the CVQKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-22 Heng Wang , Yang Li , Yaodi Pi , Yan Pan , Yun Shao , Li Ma , Jie Yang , Yichen Zhang , Wei Huang , Bingjie Xu

Continuous-variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD) employs the quadratures of a bosonic mode to establish a secret key between two remote parties, and this is usually achieved via a Gaussian modulation of coherent states. The resulting…

Continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) is a promising emerging technology for the distribution of secure keys for symmetric encryption. It can be readily implemented using commercial off-the-shelf optical telecommunications…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-27 Hou-Man Chin , Nitin Jain , Ulrik L. Andersen , Tobias Gehring

Continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD), utilizes continuous variables encoding such as the quadra-ture components of the quantized electromagnetic field and coherent detection decoding, offering good compatibility with the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-22 Pu Wang , Yan Tian , Yongmin Li

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables the establishment of secret keys between users connected via a channel vulnerable to eavesdropping, with information-theoretic security, that is, independently of the power of a malevolent party. QKD…

Continuous variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) with discrete modulation combines advantages of CVQKD, such as the implementability using readily available technologies, with advantages of discrete variable quantum key distribution,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-13 Carlos Pascual-García , Stefan Bäuml , Mateus Araújo , Rotem Liss , Antonio Acín

We provide a security analysis of continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) with discrete modulation against general attacks in a realistic finite-size regime. To realize this goal, we first prove security of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-12-21 Jian Zhou , Ying Guo , Duan Huang , Guihua Zeng

This article presents an analysis of the practical challenges and implementation perspectives of point-to-point continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) systems over optical fiber. The study addresses the physical layer,…

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) schemes are key exchange protocols based on the physical properties of quantum channels. They avoid the computational-hardness assumptions that underlie the security of classical key exchange.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-19 Arpan Akash Ray , Boris Skoric

Passive quantum key distribution (QKD) has been proposed for discrete variable protocols to eliminate side channels in the source. Unfortunately, the key rate of passive DV-QKD protocols suffers from sifting loss and additional quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-06 Chenyang Li , Chengqiu Hu , Wenyuan Wang , Rong Wang , Hoi-Kwong Lo

Quantum key distribution relying on the principles of quantum mechanics enables two parties to produce a shared random secret key, thereby ensuring the security of data transmission. Continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-05 Dengke Qi , Xiangyu Wang , Jiayu Ma , Zhenghua Li , Ziyang Chen , Yueming Lu , Song Yu

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV QKD) with discrete modulation has attracted increasing attention due to its experimental simplicity, lower-cost implementation and compatibility with classical optical communication.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-27 Zhi-Ping Liu , Min-Gang Zhou , Wen-Bo Liu , Chen-Long Li , Jie Gu , Hua-Lei Yin , Zeng-Bing Chen

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) features a high key rate and compatibility with classical optical communication. Developing expandable and efficient CVQKD networks will promote the deployment of large-scale quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-01 Hai Zhong , Qianqian Hu , Zhiyue Zuo , Zhipeng Wang , Duan Huang , Ying Guo

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV QKD) protocols with discrete modulation are interesting due to their experimental simplicity and their great potential for massive deployment in the quantum-secured networks, but their…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-01 Jie Lin , Twesh Upadhyaya , Norbert Lütkenhaus

Quantum key distribution using weak coherent states and homodyne detection is a promising candidate for practical quantum-cryptographic implementations due to its compatibility with existing telecom equipment and high detection…

Discretely-modulated continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) is more suitable for long-distance transmission compared with its Gaussian-modulated CVQKD counterpart. However, its security can only be guaranteed when modulation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-22 Qin Liao , Hai Zhong , Ying Guo

Future global quantum communication networks, or quantum Internet, will realize high-rate secure communication and entanglement distribution for large-scale users over long distances. Continuous variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-26 Zhiyue Zuo , Masoud Ghalaii , Stefano Pirandola

Distributing secret keys with information-theoretic security is arguably one of the most important achievements of the field of quantum information processing and communications. The rapid progress in this field has enabled quantum key…