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Quantum software tools for a wide variety of design tasks on and across different levels of abstraction are crucial in order to eventually realize useful quantum applications. This requires practical and relevant benchmarks for new software…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-26 Nils Quetschlich , Lukas Burgholzer , Robert Wille

We describe a scalable experimental protocol for obtaining estimates of the error rate of individual quantum computational gates. This protocol, in which random Clifford gates are interleaved between a gate of interest, provides a bounded…

Leakage errors are unwanted transfer of population outside of a defined computational subspace and they occur in almost every platform for quantum computing. While prevalent, leakage is often overlooked when measuring and reporting the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-20 Yi-Hsiang Chen , Charles H. Baldwin

Medium-scale quantum devices that integrate about hundreds of physical qubits are likely to be developed in the near future. However, such devices will lack the resources for realizing quantum fault tolerance. Therefore, the main challenge…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-24 Chao Song , Jing Cui , H. Wang , J. Hao , H. Feng , Ying Li

Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is essential for deploying machine learning models in safety-critical physical systems, yet classical Bayesian approaches incur substantial computational overhead. We establish a formal connection between…

Randomized benchmarking provides a tool for obtaining precise quantitative estimates of the average error rate of a physical quantum channel. Here we define real randomized benchmarking, which enables a separate determination of the average…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-23 A. K. Hashagen , S. T. Flammia , D. Gross , J. J. Wallman

As quantum computing advances, quantum circuit simulators serve as critical tools to bridge the current gap caused by limited quantum hardware availability. These simulators are typically deployed on cloud platforms, where users submit…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Ben Dong , Hui Feng , Qian Wang

Current technological advancements of quantum computers highlight the need for application-driven, practical and well-defined methods of benchmarking their performance. As the existing NISQ device's quality of two-qubit gate errors rate is…

Performance · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Krzysztof Kurowski , Piotr Rydlichowski , Konrad Wojciechowski , Tomasz Pecyna , Mateusz Slysz

The rapid pace of development in quantum computing technology has sparked a proliferation of benchmarks for assessing the performance of quantum computing hardware and software. Good benchmarks empower scientists, engineers, programmers,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-17 Timothy Proctor , Kevin Young , Andrew D. Baczewski , Robin Blume-Kohout

Quantum error correcting code can diagnose potential errors and correct them based on measured outcomes by leveraging syndrome measurement. However, mid-circuit measurement has been technically challenging for early fault-tolerant quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-09 Yunzhe Zheng , Keita Kanno

Characterization of experimental systems is an essential step in developing and improving quantum hardware. A collection of protocols known as Randomized Benchmarking (RB) was developed in the past decade, which provides an efficient way to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-22 Linghang Kong

Realizing large-scale quantum advantage is expected to require quantum error correction (QEC), making the compilation and optimization of logical operations a critical area of research. Logical computation imposes distinct constraints and…

Quantum processors with sizes in the 10-100 qubit range are now increasingly common. However, with increased size comes increased complexity for benchmarking. The effectiveness of a given device may vary greatly between different tasks, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-08 James R. Wootton

Mid-circuit measurement (MCM) provides the capability for qubit reuse and dynamic control in quantum processors, enabling more resource-efficient algorithms and supporting error-correction procedures. However, MCM introduces several sources…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-17 Ming Zhong , Zhemin Zhang , Xiangyu Ren , Chenghong Zhu , Siyuan Niu , Zhiding Liang

Randomized Benchmarking allows to efficiently and scalably characterize the average error of an unitary 2-design such as the Clifford group $\mathcal{C}$ on a physical candidate for quantum computation, as long as there are no…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-11-04 T. Chasseur , F. K. Wilhelm

We present a continuous monitoring system for intermediate-scale quantum processors that allows extracting estimates of noisy native gate and read-out measurements based on the set of executed quantum circuits and resulting measurement…

We present Benchpress, a benchmarking suite for evaluating the performance and range of functionality of multiple quantum computing software development kits. This suite consists of a collection of over $1000$ tests measuring key…

As quantum processors grow, new performance benchmarks are required to capture the full quality of the devices at scale. While quantum volume is an excellent benchmark, it focuses on the highest quality subset of the device and so is unable…

Quantum error correcting codes are designed to pinpoint exactly when and where errors occur in quantum circuits. This feature is the foundation of their primary task: to support fault-tolerant quantum computation. However, this feature…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-18 James R. Wootton

Accurate control of quantum systems requires precise measurement of the parameters that govern the dynamics, including control fields and interactions with the environment. Parameters will drift in time and experiments interleave protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-02-11 Swarnadeep Majumder , Leonardo Andreta de Castro , Kenneth R. Brown