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We present an approach to purification and entanglement routing on complex quantum network architectures, that is, how a quantum network equipped with imperfect channel fidelities and limited memory storage time can distribute entanglement…

The main goal of this paper is to investigate continuous-time distributed dynamic programming (DP) algorithms for networked multi-agent Markov decision problems (MAMDPs). In our study, we adopt a distributed multi-agent framework where…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-14 Donghwan Lee , Han-Dong Lim , Do Wan Kim

Quantum networks are of high interest nowadays and a quantum internet has been long envisioned. Network-entanglement adapts the notion of entanglement to the network scenario and network-entangled states are considered to be a resource to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-07 Zhen-Peng Xu , Julio I. de Vicente , Liang-Liang Sun , Sixia Yu

Large-scale quantum networks promise to enable secure communication, distributed quantum computing, enhanced sensing and fundamental tests of quantum mechanics through the distribution of entanglement across nodes. Moving beyond current…

The problem of scheduling in quantum networks amounts to choosing which entanglement swapping operations to perform to better serve user demand. The choice can be carried out following a variety of criteria (e.g. ensuring all users are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-08 Paolo Fittipaldi

A Relational Markov Decision Process (RMDP) is a first-order representation to express all instances of a single probabilistic planning domain with possibly unbounded number of objects. Early work in RMDPs outputs generalized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Sankalp Garg , Aniket Bajpai , Mausam

Networked entanglement is an essential component for a plethora of quantum computation and communication protocols. Direct transmission of quantum signals over long distances is prevented by fibre attenuation and the no-cloning theorem,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-26 Simon J. Devitt , Andrew D. Greentree , Ashley M. Stephens , Rodney Van Meter

To overcome the curse of dimensionality and curse of modeling in Dynamic Programming (DP) methods for solving classical Markov Decision Process (MDP) problems, Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms are popular. In this paper, we consider…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-29 Arghyadip Roy , Vivek Borkar , Abhay Karandikar , Prasanna Chaporkar

We propose an architecture for scheduling network operations enabling the end-to-end generation of entanglement according to user demand. The main challenge solved by this architecture is to allow for the integration of a network schedule…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Thomas R. Beauchamp , Hana Jirovská , Scarlett Gauthier , Stephanie Wehner

This work provides a novel interpretation of Markov Decision Processes (MDP) from the online optimization viewpoint. In such an online optimization context, the policy of the MDP is viewed as the decision variable while the corresponding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Tao Li , Guanze Peng , Quanyan Zhu

Quantum networks constitute a major part of quantum technologies. They will boost distributed quantum computing drastically by providing a scalable modular architecture of quantum chips, or by establishing an infrastructure for measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-05 Seid Koudia

Optimal routing is a fundamental challenge in quantum networking, with several approaches proposed to identify the most efficient path for end-to-end (e2e) entanglement generation between pairs of nodes. In this paper, we show that…

Entanglement percolation aims at generating maximal entanglement between any two nodes of a quantum network by utilizing strategies based solely on local operations and classical communication between the nodes. As it happens in classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-27 Alessandro Romancino , Jordi Romero-Pallejà , G. Massimo Palma , Anna Sanpera

In large-scale quantum networks, quantum repeaters provide an efficient method to distribute entangled states among selected nodes for realizing long-distance and complicated quantum communications. However, extending quantum repeater…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-10 Tianen Chen , Yun Shang , Chitong Chen , Heng Fan

Quantum networks connect systems at separate locations via quantum links, enabling a wide range of quantum information tasks between distant parties. Large-scale networks have the potential to enable global secure communication, distributed…

Quantum computers face inherent scaling challenges, a fact that necessitates investigation of distributed quantum computing systems, whereby scaling is achieved through interconnection of smaller quantum processing units. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Felix Burt , Kuan-Cheng Chen , Kin K. Leung

Quantum networks will rely on entanglement distribution to enable multi-user applications such as distributed quantum computing and cryptography. While multipartite entanglement distribution routing protocols have been extensively studied…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-30 Jazz E. Z. Ooi , Evan Sutcliffe , Alejandra Beghelli

Future quantum internet applications will derive their power from the ability to share quantum information across the network. Quantum teleportation allows for the reliable transfer of quantum information between distant nodes, even in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-15 S. L. N. Hermans , M. Pompili , H. K. C. Beukers , S. Baier , J. Borregaard , R. Hanson

It is challenging for a security analyst to detect or defend against cyber-attacks. Moreover, traditional defense deployment methods require the security analyst to manually enforce the defenses in the presence of uncertainties about the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-14 Xiaofan Zhou , Simon Yusuf Enoch , Dong Seong Kim

In the context of railway systems, the application performance can be very critical and the radio conditions not advantageous. Hence, the communication problem parameters include both a survival time stemming from the application layer and…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Vincent Corlay , Jean-Christophe Sibel