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Most data for evaluating and training recommender systems is subject to selection biases, either through self-selection by the users or through the actions of the recommendation system itself. In this paper, we provide a principled approach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-05-30 Tobias Schnabel , Adith Swaminathan , Ashudeep Singh , Navin Chandak , Thorsten Joachims

Recent work in news recommendation has demonstrated that recommenders can over-expose users to articles that support their pre-existing opinions. However, most existing work focuses on a static setting or over a short-time window, leaving…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-01-27 Han Zhang , Ziwei Zhu , James Caverlee

From scientific experiments to online A/B testing, the previously observed data often affects how future experiments are performed, which in turn affects which data will be collected. Such adaptivity introduces complex correlations between…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-01-03 Xinkun Nie , Xiaoying Tian , Jonathan Taylor , James Zou

Recommender systems usually learn user interests from various user behaviors, including clicks and post-click behaviors (e.g., like and favorite). However, these behaviors inevitably exhibit popularity bias, leading to some unfairness…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Xi Wang , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng , Wenge Rong , Chuantao Yin , Zhang Xiong

The general aim of the recommender system is to provide personalized suggestions to users, which is opposed to suggesting popular items. However, the normal training paradigm, i.e., fitting a recommender model to recover the user behavior…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Tianxin Wei , Fuli Feng , Jiawei Chen , Ziwei Wu , Jinfeng Yi , Xiangnan He

Recently there has been a growing interest in fairness-aware recommender systems including fairness in providing consistent performance across different users or groups of users. A recommender system could be considered unfair if the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-08-24 Himan Abdollahpouri , Masoud Mansoury , Robin Burke , Bamshad Mobasher

As Recommender Systems (RS) influence more and more people in their daily life, the issue of fairness in recommendation is becoming more and more important. Most of the prior approaches to fairness-aware recommendation have been situated in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-01-12 Yingqiang Ge , Shuchang Liu , Ruoyuan Gao , Yikun Xian , Yunqi Li , Xiangyu Zhao , Changhua Pei , Fei Sun , Junfeng Ge , Wenwu Ou , Yongfeng Zhang

The evaluation of recommendation systems is a complex task. The offline and online evaluation metrics for recommender systems are ambiguous in their true objectives. The majority of recently published papers benchmark their methods using…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Petr Kasalický , Rodrigo Alves , Pavel Kordík

Digital platforms such as social media and e-commerce websites adopt Recommender Systems to provide value to the user. However, the social consequences deriving from their adoption are still unclear. Many scholars argue that recommenders…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Erica Coppolillo , Simone Mungari , Ettore Ritacco , Francesco Fabbri , Marco Minici , Francesco Bonchi , Giuseppe Manco

Recommendation systems underlie a variety of online platforms. These recommendation systems and their users form a feedback loop, wherein the former aims to maximize user engagement through personalization and the promotion of popular…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Atefeh Mollabagher , Parinaz Naghizadeh

Recommendation systems are used in a range of platforms to maximize user engagement through personalization and the promotion of popular content. It has been found that such recommendations may shape users' opinions over time. In this…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Atefeh Mollabagher , Parinaz Naghizadeh

Recommender systems operate in closed feedback loops, where user interactions reinforce popularity bias, leading to over-recommendation of already popular items while under-exposing niche or novel content. Existing bias mitigation methods,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Rahul Agarwal , Amit Jaspal , Saurabh Gupta , Omkar Vichare

We analyze the unintended effects that recommender systems have on the preferences of users that they are learning. We consider a contextual multi-armed bandit recommendation algorithm that learns optimal product recommendations based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Prabhat Lankireddy , Jayakrishnan Nair , D Manjunath

Large-scale industrial recommendation models predict the most relevant items from catalogs containing millions or billions of options. To train these models efficiently, a small set of irrelevant items (negative samples) is selected from…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Arushi Prakash , Dimitrios Bermperidis , Srivas Chennu

Machine learning is used extensively in recommender systems deployed in products. The decisions made by these systems can influence user beliefs and preferences which in turn affect the feedback the learning system receives - thus creating…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-03-28 Ray Jiang , Silvia Chiappa , Tor Lattimore , András György , Pushmeet Kohli

As a highly data-driven application, recommender systems could be affected by data bias, resulting in unfair results for different data groups, which could be a reason that affects the system performance. Therefore, it is important to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Yunqi Li , Hanxiong Chen , Zuohui Fu , Yingqiang Ge , Yongfeng Zhang

Learning from implicit feedback is a fundamental problem in modern recommender systems, where only positive interactions are observed and explicit negative signals are unavailable. In such settings, negative sampling plays a critical role…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Chen Chen , Haobo Lin , Yuanbo Xu

Popularity bias is a widespread problem in the field of recommender systems, where popular items tend to dominate recommendation results. In this work, we propose 'Test Time Embedding Normalization' as a simple yet effective strategy for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Dain Kim , Jinhyeok Park , Dongwoo Kim

Recommender systems leverage extensive user interaction data to model preferences; however, directly modeling these data may introduce biases that disproportionately favor popular items. In this paper, we demonstrate that popularity bias…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Jiahao Liu , Dongsheng Li , Hansu Gu , Peng Zhang , Tun Lu , Li Shang , Ning Gu

Many recommendation algorithms suffer from popularity bias: a small number of popular items being recommended too frequently, while other items get insufficient exposure. Research in this area so far has concentrated on a one-shot…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-06-28 Himan Abdollahpouri , Robin Burke