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Information Retrieval (IR) is the task of obtaining pieces of data (such as documents or snippets of text) that are relevant to a particular query or need from a large repository of information. While a combination of traditional keyword-…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-09-07 Samarth Rawal , Chitta Baral

Relevance plays a central role in information retrieval (IR), which has received extensive studies starting from the 20th century. The definition and the modeling of relevance has always been critical challenges in both information science…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Yixing Fan , Jiafeng Guo , Xinyu Ma , Ruqing Zhang , Yanyan Lan , Xueqi Cheng

Rerankers, typically cross-encoders, are computationally intensive but are frequently used because they are widely assumed to outperform cheaper initial IR systems. We challenge this assumption by measuring reranker performance for full…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Mathew Jacob , Erik Lindgren , Matei Zaharia , Michael Carbin , Omar Khattab , Andrew Drozdov

Information Retrieval (IR) plays a pivotal role in diverse Software Engineering (SE) tasks, e.g., bug localization and triaging, code retrieval, requirements analysis, etc. The choice of similarity measure is the core component of an IR…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-08-10 Md Masudur Rahman , Saikat Chakraborty , Gail Kaiser , Baishakhi Ray

This work investigates the effect of gender-stereotypical biases in the content of retrieved results on the relevance judgement of users/annotators. In particular, since relevance in information retrieval (IR) is a multi-dimensional…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-03-04 Klara Krieg , Emilia Parada-Cabaleiro , Markus Schedl , Navid Rekabsaz

Axiomatic information retrieval (IR) seeks a set of principle properties desirable in IR models. These properties when formally expressed provide guidance in the search for better relevance estimation functions. Neural ranking models…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-04-16 Corby Rosset , Bhaskar Mitra , Chenyan Xiong , Nick Craswell , Xia Song , Saurabh Tiwary

The search engine evaluation research has quite a lot metrics available to it. Only recently, the question of the significance of individual metrics started being raised, as these metrics' correlations to real-world user experiences or…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2013-02-12 Pavel Sirotkin

As more and more search traffic comes from mobile phones, intelligent assistants, and smart-home devices, new challenges (e.g., limited presentation space) and opportunities come up in information retrieval. Previously, an effective…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Keping Bi , Qingyao Ai , W. Bruce Croft

We present ir-measures, a new tool that makes it convenient to calculate a diverse set of evaluation measures used in information retrieval. Rather than implementing its own measure calculations, ir-measures provides a common interface to a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Sean MacAvaney , Craig Macdonald , Iadh Ounis

Information Retrieval evaluation has traditionally focused on defining principled ways of assessing the relevance of a ranked list of documents with respect to a query. Several methods extend this type of evaluation beyond relevance, making…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Maria Maistro , Lucas Chaves Lima , Jakob Grue Simonsen , Christina Lioma

In Interactive Information Retrieval (IIR) different services such as search term suggestion can support users in their search process. The applicability and performance of such services is either measured with different user-centered…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-08-22 Daniel Hienert , Peter Mutschke

Since the recent study (Krichene and Rendle 2020) done by Krichene and Rendle on the sampling-based top-k evaluation metric for recommendation, there has been a lot of debates on the validity of using sampling to evaluate recommendation…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-03-04 Ruoming Jin , Dong Li , Benjamin Mudrak , Jing Gao , Zhi Liu

Information retrieval (IR) systems traditionally aim to maximize metrics built on rankings, such as precision or NDCG. However, the non-differentiability of the ranking operation prevents direct optimization of such metrics in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Thibaut Thonet , Yagmur Gizem Cinar , Eric Gaussier , Minghan Li , Jean-Michel Renders

Classification systems are evaluated in a countless number of papers. However, we find that evaluation practice is often nebulous. Frequently, metrics are selected without arguments, and blurry terminology invites misconceptions. For…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Juri Opitz

Automated detection of semantically equivalent questions in longitudinal social science surveys is crucial for long-term studies informing empirical research in the social, economic, and health sciences. Retrieving equivalent questions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Wing Yan Li , Zeqiang Wang , Jon Johnson , Suparna De

Users increasingly expect modern search systems to offer a unified interface that seamlessly retrieves information from diverse data sources and formats. However, current information retrieval (IR) evaluation benchmarks have not kept pace…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Mehmet Deniz Türkmen , Suchana Datta , Dwaipayan Roy , Daniel Hienert , Philipp Mayr , Derek Greene

Identifying leading measurement units from a large collection is a common inference task in various domains of large-scale inference. Testing approaches, which measure evidence against a null hypothesis rather than effect magnitude, tend to…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-11-17 Nicholas C. Henderson , Michael A. Newton

This paper proposes a theoretical framework which models the information provided by retrieval systems in terms of Information Theory. The proposed framework allows to formalize: (i) system effectiveness as an information theoretic…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-09-17 Enrique Amigó , Fernando Giner , Stefano Mizzaro , Damiano Spina

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems rely critically on the retriever module to surface relevant context for large language models. Although numerous retrievers have recently been proposed, each built on different ranking principles…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Wenqing Zheng , Dmitri Kalaev , Noah Fatsi , Daniel Barcklow , Owen Reinert , Igor Melnyk , Senthil Kumar , C. Bayan Bruss

Neural networks with deep architectures have demonstrated significant performance improvements in computer vision, speech recognition, and natural language processing. The challenges in information retrieval (IR), however, are different…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Bhaskar Mitra