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Vector quantization (VQ) transforms continuous image features into discrete representations, providing compressed, tokenized inputs for generative models. However, VQ-based frameworks suffer from several issues, such as non-smooth latent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Sicheng Yang , Xing Hu , Qiang Wu , Dawei Yang

Neural audio codecs discretize speech via residual vector quantization (RVQ), forming a coarse-to-fine hierarchy across quantizers. While codec models have been explored for representation learning, their discrete structure remains…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Jinyang Wu , Zihan Pan , Qiquan Zhang , Sailor Hardik Bhupendra , Soumik Mondal

Neural audio codecs, leveraging quantization algorithms, have significantly impacted various speech/audio tasks. While high-fidelity reconstruction is paramount for human perception, audio coding for machines (ACoM) prioritizes efficient…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Anastasia Kuznetsova , Inseon Jang , Wootaek Lim , Minje Kim

Mixed-precision quantization can potentially achieve the optimal tradeoff between performance and compression rate of deep neural networks, and thus, have been widely investigated. However, it lacks a systematic method to determine the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Huanrui Yang , Lin Duan , Yiran Chen , Hai Li

Automatic coded audio quality assessment is an important task whose progress is hampered by the scarcity of human annotations, poor generalization to unseen codecs, bitrates, content-types, and a lack of flexibility of existing approaches.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-31 Guanxin Jiang , Arijit Biswas , Christian Bergler , Andreas Maier

Learning discrete representations with vector quantization (VQ) has emerged as a powerful approach in various generative models. However, most VQ-based models rely on a single, fixed-rate codebook, requiring extensive retraining for new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Jiwan Seo , Joonhyuk Kang

Quantization enables efficient acceleration of deep neural networks by reducing model memory footprint and exploiting low-cost integer math hardware units. Quantization maps floating-point weights and activations in a trained model to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-11 Steve Dai , Rangharajan Venkatesan , Haoxing Ren , Brian Zimmer , William J. Dally , Brucek Khailany

Vector Quantisation (VQ) is experiencing a comeback in machine learning, where it is increasingly used in representation learning. However, optimizing the codevectors in existing VQ-VAE is not entirely trivial. A problem is codebook…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Chuanxia Zheng , Andrea Vedaldi

The problem of lossy transmission of correlated sources over memoryless two-way channels (TWCs) is considered. The objective is to develop a robust low delay and low complexity source-channel coding scheme without using error correction. A…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-07-23 Saeed Rezazadeh , Fady Alajaji , Wai-Yip Chan

We present SoundStream, a novel neural audio codec that can efficiently compress speech, music and general audio at bitrates normally targeted by speech-tailored codecs. SoundStream relies on a model architecture composed by a fully…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Neil Zeghidour , Alejandro Luebs , Ahmed Omran , Jan Skoglund , Marco Tagliasacchi

As the latest video coding standard, versatile video coding (VVC) has shown its ability in retaining pixel quality. To excavate more compression potential for video conference scenarios under ultra-low bitrate, this paper proposes a bitrate…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-21 Anni Tang , Yan Huang , Jun Ling , Zhiyu Zhang , Yiwei Zhang , Rong Xie , Li Song

The rapid scaling of Large Language Models (LLMs) elevates inference costs and compounds substantial deployment barriers. While quantization to 8 or 4 bits mitigates this, sub-3-bit methods face severe accuracy, scalability, and efficiency…

Vector quantization (VQ) is a key technique in high-resolution and high-fidelity image synthesis, which aims to learn a codebook to encode an image with a sequence of discrete codes and then generate an image in an auto-regression manner.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Guotao Liang , Baoquan Zhang , Yaowei Wang , Xutao Li , Yunming Ye , Huaibin Wang , Chuyao Luo , Kola Ye , linfeng Luo

We study joint source-channel coding (JSCC) of compressed sensing (CS) measurements using vector quantizer (VQ). We develop a framework for realizing optimum JSCC schemes that enable encoding and transmitting CS measurements of a sparse…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-06-03 Amirpasha Shirazinia , Saikat Chatterjee , Mikael Skoglund

Designing a speech quality assessment (SQA) system for estimating mean-opinion-score (MOS) of multi-rate speech with varying sampling frequency (16-48 kHz) is a challenging task. The challenge arises due to the limited availability of a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-17 Fengyuan Cao , Xinyu Liang , Fredrik Cumlin , Victor Ungureanu , Chandan K. A. Reddy , Christian Schuldt , Saikat Chatterjee

Quantum Computing aims to streamline machine learning, making it more effective with fewer trainable parameters. This reduction of parameters can speed up the learning process and reduce the use of computational resources. However, in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-22 Michael Kölle , Timo Witter , Tobias Rohe , Gerhard Stenzel , Philipp Altmann , Thomas Gabor

Image Coding for Machines (ICM) has become increasingly important with the rapid integration of computer vision technology into real-world applications. However, most neural network-based ICM frameworks operate at a fixed rate, thus…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-06 Yui Tatsumi , Ziyue Zeng , Hiroshi Watanabe

The rapid growth of visual data under stringent storage and bandwidth constraints makes extremely low-bitrate image compression increasingly important. While Vector Quantization (VQ) offers strong structural fidelity, existing methods lack…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Shiyin Jiang , Wei Long , Minghao Han , Zhenghao Chen , Ce Zhu , Shuhang Gu

Neural audio/speech coding has recently demonstrated its capability to deliver high quality at much lower bitrates than traditional methods. However, existing neural audio/speech codecs employ either acoustic features or learned blind…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Xue Jiang , Xiulian Peng , Huaying Xue , Yuan Zhang , Yan Lu

Building cross-lingual voice conversion (VC) systems for multiple speakers and multiple languages has been a challenging task for a long time. This paper describes a parallel non-autoregressive network to achieve bilingual and code-switched…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-23 Yaogen Yang , Haozhe Zhang , Xiaoyi Qin , Shanshan Liang , Huahua Cui , Mingyang Xu , Ming Li