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The concept of image similarity is ambiguous, and images can be similar in one context and not in another. This ambiguity motivates the creation of metrics for specific contexts. This work explores the ability of deep perceptual similarity…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-15 Gustav Grund Pihlgren , Fredrik Sandin , Marcus Liwicki

While it is nearly effortless for humans to quickly assess the perceptual similarity between two images, the underlying processes are thought to be quite complex. Despite this, the most widely used perceptual metrics today, such as PSNR and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-04-12 Richard Zhang , Phillip Isola , Alexei A. Efros , Eli Shechtman , Oliver Wang

Similarity metrics have played a significant role in computer vision to capture the underlying semantics of images. In recent years, advanced similarity metrics, such as the Learned Perceptual Image Patch Similarity (LPIPS), have emerged.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Sara Ghazanfari , Siddharth Garg , Prashanth Krishnamurthy , Farshad Khorrami , Alexandre Araujo

Image-generating machine learning models are typically trained with loss functions based on distance in the image space. This often leads to over-smoothed results. We propose a class of loss functions, which we call deep perceptual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-02-10 Alexey Dosovitskiy , Thomas Brox

Previous literature suggests that perceptual similarity is an emergent property shared across deep visual representations. Experiments conducted on a dataset of human-judged image distortions have proven that deep features outperform…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Simone Bianco , Luigi Celona , Paolo Napoletano

Judging the similarity of visualizations is crucial to various applications, such as visualization-based search and visualization recommendation systems. Recent studies show deep-feature-based similarity metrics correlate well with…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Sheng Long , Angelos Chatzimparmpas , Emma Alexander , Matthew Kay , Jessica Hullman

Estimating a depth map from multiple views of a scene is a fundamental task in computer vision. As soon as more than two viewpoints are available, one faces the very basic question how to measure similarity across >2 image patches.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-08-22 Wilfried Hartmann , Silvano Galliani , Michal Havlena , Luc Van Gool , Konrad Schindler

Deep distance metric learning (DDML), which is proposed to learn image similarity metrics in an end-to-end manner based on the convolution neural network, has achieved encouraging results in many computer vision tasks.$L2$-normalization in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-03-29 Xuefei Zhe , Shifeng Chen , Hong Yan

Several metrics exist to quantify the similarity between images, but they are inefficient when it comes to measure the similarity of highly distorted images. In this work, we propose to empirically investigate perceptual metrics based on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Rémi Kazmierczak , Gianni Franchi , Nacim Belkhir , Antoine Manzanera , David Filliat

Existing perceptual similarity metrics assume an image and its reference are well aligned. As a result, these metrics are often sensitive to a small alignment error that is imperceptible to the human eyes. This paper studies the effect of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Abhijay Ghildyal , Feng Liu

Perceptual similarity scores that align with human vision are critical for both training and evaluating computer vision models. Deep perceptual losses, such as LPIPS, achieve good alignment but rely on complex, highly non-linear…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Paula Seidler , Neill D. F. Campbell , Ivor J A Simpson

Traditional image similarity metrics are ineffective at evaluating the similarity between a real image of a scene and an artificially generated version of that viewpoint [6, 9, 13, 14]. Our research evaluates the effectiveness of a new,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Charith Wickrema , Sara Leary , Shivangi Sarkar , Mark Giglio , Eric Bianchi , Eliza Mace , Michael Twardowski

Measuring inter-dataset similarity is an important task in machine learning and data mining with various use cases and applications. Existing methods for measuring inter-dataset similarity are computationally expensive, limited, or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Muhammad Rajabinasab , Anton D. Lautrup , Arthur Zimek

Several deep learned lossy compression techniques have been proposed in the recent literature. Most of these are optimized by using either MS-SSIM (multi-scale structural similarity) or MSE (mean squared error) as a loss function.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-02 Yash Patel , Srikar Appalaraju , R. Manmatha

We introduce a differential visual similarity metric to train deep neural networks for 3D reconstruction, aimed at improving reconstruction quality. The metric compares two 3D shapes by measuring distances between multi-view images…

Graphics · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Jiongchao Jin , Akshay Gadi Patil , Zhang Xiong , Hao Zhang

Current perceptual similarity metrics operate at the level of pixels and patches. These metrics compare images in terms of their low-level colors and textures, but fail to capture mid-level similarities and differences in image layout,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Stephanie Fu , Netanel Tamir , Shobhita Sundaram , Lucy Chai , Richard Zhang , Tali Dekel , Phillip Isola

Photometric stereo, a problem of recovering 3D surface normals using images of an object captured under different lightings, has been of great interest and importance in computer vision research. Despite the success of existing traditional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-31 Ashish Tiwari , Shanmuganathan Raman

In this study, we propose a high-performance disparity (depth) estimation method using dual-pixel (DP) images with few parameters. Conventional end-to-end deep-learning methods have many parameters but do not fully exploit disparity…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Teppei Kurita , Yuhi Kondo , Legong Sun , Takayuki Sasaki , Sho Nitta , Yasuhiro Hashimoto , Yoshinori Muramatsu , Yusuke Moriuchi

We propose a semantic similarity metric for image registration. Existing metrics like euclidean distance or normalized cross-correlation focus on aligning intensity values, giving difficulties with low intensity contrast or noise. Our…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-12 Steffen Czolbe , Oswin Krause , Aasa Feragen

Perceptual image hashing methods are often applied in various objectives, such as image retrieval, finding duplicate or near-duplicate images, and finding similar images from large-scale image content. The main challenge in image hashing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-27 Rubel Biswas , Pablo Blanco-Medina
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