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Ordinal regression aims to classify instances into ordinal categories. In this paper, body mass index (BMI) category estimation from facial images is cast as an ordinal regression problem. In particular, noisy binary search algorithms based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-11-09 Luisa Polania , Dongning Wang , Glenn Fung

Ordinal regression is commonly formulated as a multi-class problem with ordinal constraints. The challenge of designing accurate classifiers for ordinal regression generally increases with the number of classes involved, due to the large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-03-18 Chun-Wei Seah , Ivor W. Tsang , Yew-Soon Ong

This paper extends the class of ordinal regression models with a structured interpretation of the problem by applying a novel treatment of encoded labels. The net effect of this is to transform the underlying problem from an ordinal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-03 Niall Twomey , Rafael Poyiadzi , Callum Mann , Raúl Santos-Rodríguez

Ordinal data are quite common in applied statistics. Although some model selection and regularization techniques for categorical predictors and ordinal response models have been developed over the past few years, less work has been done…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-26 Aisouda Hoshiyar , Laura H. Gertheiss , Jan Gertheiss

In randomized controlled trials, ordinal outcomes typically improve statistical efficiency over binary outcomes. The treatment effect on an ordinal outcome is usually described by the odds ratio from a proportional odds model, but this…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-01 Lindsey E. Turner , Carolyn T. Bramante , Thomas A. Murray

The Mean Opinion Score (MOS) serves as the standard metric for speech quality assessment, yet biases in human annotations remain underexplored. We conduct the first systematic analysis of gender bias in MOS, revealing that male listeners…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-17 Wenze Ren , Yi-Cheng Lin , Wen-Chin Huang , Erica Cooper , Ryandhimas E. Zezario , Hsin-Min Wang , Hung-yi Lee , Yu Tsao

This paper is dedicated to a robust ordinal method for learning the preferences of a decision maker between subsets. The decision model, derived from Fishburn and LaValle (1996) and whose parameters we learn, is general enough to be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Hugo Gilbert , Mohamed Ouaguenouni , Meltem Ozturk , Olivier Spanjaard

Reward modeling is crucial for aligning large language models with human preferences, yet current approaches lack a principled mathematical framework for leveraging ordinal preference data. When human annotators provide graded preferences…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Amirhossein Afsharrad , Ruida Zhou , Luca Viano , Sanjay Lall , Mohammad Ghavamzadeh

Ordinal regression refers to classifying object instances into ordinal categories. Ordinal regression is crucial for applications in various areas like facial age estimation, image aesthetics assessment, and even cancer staging, due to its…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Jinhong Wang , Jintai Chen , Jian Liu , Dongqi Tang , Danny Z. Chen , Jian Wu

Image ordinal estimation is to predict the ordinal label of a given image, which can be categorized as an ordinal regression problem. Recent methods formulate an ordinal regression problem as a series of binary classification problems. Such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Haiping Zhu , Hongming Shan , Yuheng Zhang , Lingfu Che , Xiaoyang Xu , Junping Zhang , Jianbo Shi , Fei-Yue Wang

Unlike standard linear regression, quantile regression captures the relationship between covariates and the conditional response distribution as a whole, rather than only the relationship between covariates and the expected value of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-11-19 Isabella N Grabski , Roberta De Vito , Barbara E Engelhardt

Propensity scores are commonly used to reduce the confounding bias in non-randomized observational studies for estimating the average treatment effect. An important assumption underlying this approach is that all confounders that are…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-02 Youfei Yu , Jiacong Du , Min Zhang , Zhenke Wu , Andrew M. Ryan , Bhramar Mukherjee

MOS (Mean Opinion Score) is a subjective method used for the evaluation of a system's quality. Telecommunications (for voice and video), and speech synthesis systems (for generated speech) are a few of the many applications of the method.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-26 Bálint Gyires-Tóth , Csaba Zainkó

Ordinal outcomes are common in clinical settings where they often represent increasing levels of disease progression or different levels of functional impairment. Such outcomes can characterize differences in meaningful patient health…

In this paper, we introduce directional feedback in the ordinal regression setting, in which the learner receives feedback on whether the predicted label is on the left or the right side of the actual label. This is a weak supervision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Naresh Manwani , M Elamparithy , Tanish Taneja

Ordinal regression and ranking are challenging due to inherent ordinal dependencies that conventional methods struggle to model. We propose Ranking-Aware Reinforcement Learning (RARL), a novel RL framework that explicitly learns these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Aiming Hao , Chen Zhu , Jiashu Zhu , Jiahong Wu , Xiangxiang Chu

Multi-objective reinforcement learning (MORL) is a structured approach for optimizing tasks with multiple objectives. However, it often relies on pre-defined reward functions, which can be hard to design for balancing conflicting goals and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Ni Mu , Yao Luan , Qing-Shan Jia

We propose an innovative statistical method, called Ordinal Mixed-Effect Random Forest (OMERF), that extends the use of random forest to the analysis of hierarchical data and ordinal responses. The model preserves the flexibility and…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-06 Giulia Bergonzoli , Lidia Rossi , Chiara Masci

The analysis of survey data is a frequently arising issue in clinical trials, particularly when capturing quantities which are difficult to measure. Typical examples are questionnaires about patient's well-being, pain, or consent to an…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-01-31 Johannes Wieditz , Clemens Miller , Jan Scholand , Marcus Nemeth

Model selection (MS) and model averaging (MA) are two popular approaches when having many candidate models. Theoretically, the estimation risk of an oracle MA is not larger than that of an oracle MS because the former one is more flexible,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-01-15 Wenchao Xu , Xinyu Zhang