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This paper introduces MAD-MIL, a Multi-head Attention-based Deep Multiple Instance Learning model, designed for weakly supervised Whole Slide Images (WSIs) classification in digital pathology. Inspired by the multi-head attention mechanism…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Hassan Keshvarikhojasteh , Josien Pluim , Mitko Veta

We introduce ReaMIL (Reasoning- and Evidence-Aware MIL), a multiple instance learning approach for whole-slide histopathology that adds a light selection head to a strong MIL backbone. The head produces soft per-tile gates and is trained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Hyun Do Jung , Jungwon Choi , Hwiyoung Kim

Recently, Mix-style data augmentation methods (e.g., Mixup and CutMix) have shown promising performance in various visual tasks. However, these methods are primarily designed for single-label images, ignoring the considerable discrepancies…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Lei Wang , Yibing Zhan , Leilei Ma , Dapeng Tao , Liang Ding , Chen Gong

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has been widely applied in histopathology to classify Whole Slide Images (WSIs) with slide-level diagnoses. While the ground truth is established by expert pathologists, the slides can be difficult to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Marie Arrivat , Rémy Peyret , Elsa Angelini , Pietro Gori

This paper presents a supervised mixing augmentation method termed SuperMix, which exploits the salient regions within input images to construct mixed training samples. SuperMix is designed to obtain mixed images rich in visual features and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Ali Dabouei , Sobhan Soleymani , Fariborz Taherkhani , Nasser M. Nasrabadi

Whole slide images (WSIs) in computational pathology (CPath) pose a major computational challenge due to their gigapixel scale, often requiring the processing of tens to hundreds of thousands of high-resolution patches per slide. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Yonghan Shin , SeungKyu Kim , Won-Ki Jeong

We introduce Multi-scale Adaptive Recurrent Biomedical Linear-time Encoder (MARBLE), the first \textit{purely Mamba-based} multi-state multiple instance learning (MIL) framework for whole-slide image (WSI) analysis. MARBLE processes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Jagan Mohan Reddy Dwarampudi , Joshua Wong , Hien Van Nguyen , Tania Banerjee

Training deep neural networks requires datasets with a large number of annotated examples. The collection and annotation of these datasets is not only extremely expensive but also faces legal and privacy problems. These factors are a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Christoph Reinders , Frederik Schubert , Bodo Rosenhahn

Computational methods on analyzing Whole Slide Images (WSIs) enable early diagnosis and treatments by supporting pathologists in detection and classification of tumors. However, the extremely high resolution of WSIs makes end-to-end…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Umar Marikkar , Muhammad Awais , Sara Atito

Existing WSI analysis methods lie on the consensus that histopathological characteristics of tumors are significant guidance for cancer diagnostics. Particularly, as the evolution of cancers is a continuous process, the correlations and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Tong Shu , Jun Shi , Dongdong Sun , Zhiguo Jiang , Yushan Zheng

Data augmentation is a powerful technique to increase the diversity of data, which can effectively improve the generalization ability of neural networks in image recognition tasks. Recent data mixing based augmentation strategies have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Jie Qin , Jiemin Fang , Qian Zhang , Wenyu Liu , Xingang Wang , Xinggang Wang

Recent pseudo-bag augmentation methods for Multiple Instance Learning (MIL)-based Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification sample instances from a limited number of bags, resulting in constrained diversity. To address this issue, we propose…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Bo Zhang , Xu Xinan , Shuo Yan , Yu Bai , Zheng Zhang , Wufan Wang , Wendong Wang

Although multi-instance learning (MIL) has succeeded in pathological image classification, it faces the challenge of high inference costs due to the need to process thousands of patches from each gigapixel whole slide image (WSI). To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Jiuyang Dong , Jiahan Li , Junjun Jiang , Kui Jiang , Yongbing Zhang

Mix-based augmentation has been proven fundamental to the generalization of deep vision models. However, current augmentations only mix samples at the current data batch during training, which ignores the possible knowledge accumulated in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Lingfeng Yang , Xiang Li , Borui Zhao , Renjie Song , Jian Yang

We propose a new formulation of Multiple-Instance Learning (MIL). In typical MIL settings, a unit of data is given as a set of instances called a bag and the goal is to find a good classifier of bags based on similarity from a single or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-11 Daiki Suehiro , Kohei Hatano , Eiji Takimoto , Shuji Yamamoto , Kenichi Bannai , Akiko Takeda

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has been successfully applied for whole slide images (WSIs) analysis in computational pathology, enabling a wide range of prediction tasks from tumor subtyping to inferring genetic mutations and multi-omics…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Junyu Li , Ye Zhang , Wen Shu , Xiaobing Feng , Yingchun Wang , Pengju Yan , Xiaolin Li , Chulin Sha , Min He

Recently there have been many algorithms proposed for the classification of very high resolution whole slide images (WSIs). These new algorithms are mostly focused on finding novel ways to combine the information from small local patches…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Long Nguyen , Aiden Nibali , Joshua Millward , Zhen He

Deep learning methods such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are difficult to directly utilize to analyze whole slide images (WSIs) due to the large image dimensions. We overcome this limitation by proposing a novel two-stage…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-15 Shivam Kalra , Mohammed Adnan , Sobhan Hemati , Taher Dehkharghanian , Shahryar Rahnamayan , Hamid Tizhoosh

Whole Slide Images (WSIs) present a challenging computer vision task due to their gigapixel size and presence of numerous artefacts. Yet they are a valuable resource for patient diagnosis and stratification, often representing the gold…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Amaya Gallagher-Syed , Luca Rossi , Felice Rivellese , Costantino Pitzalis , Myles Lewis , Michael Barnes , Gregory Slabaugh

Multi-instance learning (MIL) is a form of weakly supervised learning where a single class label is assigned to a bag of instances while the instance-level labels are not available. Training classifiers to accurately determine the bag label…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Bin Li , Kevin W. Eliceiri