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Whole slide image (WSI) assessment is a challenging and crucial step in cancer diagnosis and treatment planning. WSIs require high magnifications to facilitate sub-cellular analysis. Precise annotations for patch- or even pixel-level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-20 Simon Holdenried-Krafft , Peter Somers , Ivonne A. Montes-Majarro , Diana Silimon , Cristina Tarín , Falko Fend , Hendrik P. A. Lensch

Histopathology whole slide images (WSIs) play a very important role in clinical studies and serve as the gold standard for many cancer diagnoses. However, generating automatic tools for processing WSIs is challenging due to their enormous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Jingwei Zhang , Xin Zhang , Ke Ma , Rajarsi Gupta , Joel Saltz , Maria Vakalopoulou , Dimitris Samaras

Digital pathology has revolutionized the field by enabling the digitization of tissue samples into whole slide images (WSIs). However, the high resolution and large size of WSIs present significant challenges when it comes to applying Deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Ali Mammadov , Loïc Le Folgoc , Guillaume Hocquet , Pietro Gori

Whole-slide image (WSI) classification is a challenging task because 1) patches from WSI lack annotation, and 2) WSI possesses unnecessary variability, e.g., stain protocol. Recently, Multiple-Instance Learning (MIL) has made significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Joohyung Lee , Heejeong Nam , Kwanhyung Lee , Sangchul Hahn

Multiple instance learning (MIL) stands as a powerful approach in weakly supervised learning, regularly employed in histological whole slide image (WSI) classification for detecting tumorous lesions. However, existing mainstream MIL methods…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-08 Wenhui Zhu , Xiwen Chen , Peijie Qiu , Aristeidis Sotiras , Abolfazl Razi , Yalin Wang

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is the standard approach for whole-slide image (WSI) classification and survival prediction, where attention-based models ag gregate patch features into slide-level predictions. These models treat attention…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Xiangyu Li , Ran Su

Whole-slide images (WSIs) are an important data modality in computational pathology, yet their gigapixel resolution and lack of fine-grained annotations challenge conventional deep learning models. Multiple instance learning (MIL) offers a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Qian Zeng , Yihui Wang , Shu Yang , Yingxue Xu , Fengtao Zhou , Jiabo Ma , Dejia Cai , Zhengyu Zhang , Lijuan Qu , Yu Wang , Li Liang , Hao Chen

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) methods have become increasingly popular for classifying giga-pixel sized Whole-Slide Images (WSIs) in digital pathology. Most MIL methods operate at a single WSI magnification, by processing all the tissue…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Kevin Thandiackal , Boqi Chen , Pushpak Pati , Guillaume Jaume , Drew F. K. Williamson , Maria Gabrani , Orcun Goksel

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) represents the predominant framework in Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification, covering aspects such as sub-typing, diagnosis, and beyond. Current MIL models predominantly rely on instance-level features…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Heng Fang , Sheng Huang , Wenhao Tang , Luwen Huangfu , Bo Liu

While multiple instance learning (MIL) has shown to be a promising approach for histopathological whole slide image (WSI) analysis, its reliance on permutation invariance significantly limits its capacity to effectively uncover semantic…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-14 Xiwen Chen , Peijie Qiu , Wenhui Zhu , Hao Wang , Huayu Li , Xuanzhao Dong , Xiaotong Sun , Xiaobing Yu , Yalin Wang , Abolfazl Razi , Aristeidis Sotiras

Whole slide image (WSI) analysis heavily relies on multiple instance learning (MIL). While recent methods benefit from large-scale foundation models and advanced sequence modeling to capture long-range dependencies, they still struggle with…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-23 Lubin Gan , Jing Zhang , Heng Zhang , Xin Di , Zhifeng Wang , Wenke Huang , Xiaoyan Sun

Whole slide images (WSIs) are the gold standard for pathological diagnosis and sub-typing. Current main-stream two-step frameworks employ offline feature encoders trained without domain-specific knowledge. Among them, attention-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Mingrui Ma , Chentao Li , Pan Huang , Jing Qin

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has been increasingly used in the classification of histopathology whole slide images (WSIs). However, MIL approaches for this specific classification problem still face unique challenges, particularly those…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Hongrun Zhang , Yanda Meng , Yitian Zhao , Yihong Qiao , Xiaoyun Yang , Sarah E. Coupland , Yalin Zheng

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has been extensively applied to whole slide histopathology image (WSI) analysis. The existing aggregation strategy in MIL, which primarily relies on the first-order distance (e.g., mean difference) between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Yihang Chen , Tsai Hor Chan , Guosheng Yin , Yuming Jiang , Lequan Yu

Multiple instance learning (MIL) significantly reduced annotation costs via bag-level weak labels for large-scale images, such as histopathological whole slide images (WSIs). However, its adaptability to continual tasks with minimal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Byung Hyun Lee , Wongi Jeong , Woojae Han , Kyoungbun Lee , Se Young Chun

Whole slide images (WSIs) classification represents a fundamental challenge in computational pathology, where multiple instance learning (MIL) has emerged as the dominant paradigm. Current state-of-the-art (SOTA) MIL methods rely on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Chengying She , Chengwei Chen , Dongjie Fan , Lizhuang Liu , Chengwei Shao , Yun Bian , Ben Wang , Xinran Zhang

Whole slide image (WSI) classification is a critical task in computational pathology. However, the gigapixel-size of such images remains a major challenge for the current state of deep-learning. Current methods rely on multiple-instance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Etienne Pochet , Rami Maroun , Roger Trullo

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL), a powerful strategy for weakly supervised learning, is able to perform various prediction tasks on gigapixel Whole Slide Images (WSIs). However, the tens of thousands of patches in WSIs usually incur a vast…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Zhuchen Shao , Liuxi Dai , Yifeng Wang , Haoqian Wang , Yongbing Zhang

Fine-grained classification of whole slide images (WSIs) is essential in precision oncology, enabling precise cancer diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies. The core of this task involves distinguishing subtle morphological…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Cheng Jin , Luyang Luo , Huangjing Lin , Jun Hou , Hao Chen

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has become a preferred method for gigapixel whole slide image (WSI) classification without requiring patch-level annotations. Current MIL research primarily relies on embedding-based approaches, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Bryan Wong , Sungrae Hong , Mun Yong Yi