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The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in high-risk, decision-making scenarios presents technical, safety, and normative challenges; problems that may only be ameliorated by human oversight. However, notions of human oversight lack a…

The current advancement in and deployment of agentic AI systems has created a set of key challenges for the legal frameworks that govern their use. We cover two central components: first, the regulatory classification of agents under the EU…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Philipp Hacker , Matthias Holweg

Much attention has focused on algorithmic audits and impact assessments to hold developers and users of algorithmic systems accountable. But existing algorithmic accountability policy approaches have neglected the lessons from…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-06-13 Inioluwa Deborah Raji , Peggy Xu , Colleen Honigsberg , Daniel E. Ho

Most of our AI governance efforts focus on substance: what rules do we want in place? What limits or checks do we want to impose on AI development and deployment? But a key role for law is not only to establish substantive rules but also to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Gillian K. Hadfield

Algorithmic fairness for artificial intelligence has become increasingly relevant as these systems become more pervasive in society. One realm of AI, recommender systems, presents unique challenges for fairness due to trade offs between…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Jessie Smith , Nasim Sonboli , Casey Fiesler , Robin Burke

This paper presents a proposal for the governance of frontier AI systems through a hybrid public-private system. Private bodies, authorized and overseen by government, provide certifications to developers of frontier AI systems on an opt-in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Dean W. Ball

As AI technologies become more human-facing, there have been numerous calls to adapt participatory approaches to AI development -- spurring the idea of participatory AI. However, these calls often focus only on primary stakeholders, such as…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Leah Hope Ajmani , Nuredin Ali Abdelkadir , Stevie Chancellor

The opaqueness of many complex machine learning algorithms is often mentioned as one of the main obstacles to the ethical development of artificial intelligence (AI). But what does it mean for an algorithm to be opaque? Highly complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Andrés Páez

One of the most concrete measures to take towards meaningful AI accountability is to consequentially assess and report the systems' performance and impact. However, the practical nature of the "AI audit" ecosystem is muddled and imprecise,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Abeba Birhane , Ryan Steed , Victor Ojewale , Briana Vecchione , Inioluwa Deborah Raji

Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems are increasingly deployed in legal contexts, where their opacity raises significant challenges for fairness, accountability, and trust. The so-called ``black box problem'' undermines the legitimacy of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Andrada Iulia Prajescu , Roberto Confalonieri

Turning principles into practice is one of the most pressing challenges of artificial intelligence (AI) governance. In this article, we reflect on a novel governance initiative by one of the world's largest AI conferences. In 2020, the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Carina Prunkl , Carolyn Ashurst , Markus Anderljung , Helena Webb , Jan Leike , Allan Dafoe

Ensuring responsible use of artificial intelligence (AI) has become imperative as autonomous systems increasingly influence critical societal domains. However, the concept of trustworthy AI remains broad and multi-faceted. This thesis…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Filip Cano

Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays an essential role in healthcare and is pervasively incorporated into medical software and equipment. In the European Union, healthcare is a high-risk application domain for AI, and providers must prepare…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Anna Spagnolli , Cecilia Tolomini , Elisa Beretta , Claudio Sarra

Due to the opacity of machine learning technology, there is a need for explainability and fairness in the decision support systems used in public or private organizations. Although the criteria for appropriate explanations and fair…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Yuri Nakao , Takuya Yokota

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes more prevalent, protecting personal privacy is a critical ethical issue that must be addressed. This article explores the need for ethical AI systems that safeguard individual privacy while complying…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Petar Radanliev , Omar Santos

Certainty around the regulatory environment is crucial to enable responsible AI innovation and foster the social acceptance of these powerful new technologies. One notable source of uncertainty is, however, that the existing legal liability…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Olivia J. Erdélyi , Gábor Erdélyi

The conversation around artificial intelligence (AI) often focuses on safety, transparency, accountability, alignment, and responsibility. However, AI security (i.e., the safeguarding of data, models, and pipelines from adversarial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Krti Tallam

Although AI has significant potential to transform society, there are serious concerns about its ability to behave and make decisions responsibly. Many ethical regulations, principles, and guidelines for responsible AI have been issued…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Qinghua Lu , Liming Zhu , Xiwei Xu , Jon Whittle

The premise of this paper is that compliance with Trustworthy AI governance best practices and regulatory frameworks is an inherently fragmented process spanning across diverse organizational units, external stakeholders, and systems of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Andrew Pery , Majid Rafiei , Michael Simon , Wil M. P. van der Aalst

Governments increasingly deploy AI in public services, making transparency essential for accountability and public trust. Australia's Standard for AI Transparency Statements (AITS) requires government bodies to disclose how AI is used in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Shidong Pan , Haochen Gong , Boming Xia , Xiaoyu Sun , Xiwei Xu , Liming Zhu