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Related papers: Positional Bias in Long-Document Ranking: Impact, …

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This study investigates the existence of positional biases in Transformer-based models for text representation learning, particularly in the context of web document retrieval. We build on previous research that demonstrated loss of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-29 João Coelho , Bruno Martins , João Magalhães , Jamie Callan , Chenyan Xiong

This study investigates the position bias in information retrieval, where models tend to overemphasize content at the beginning of passages while neglecting semantically relevant information that appears later. To analyze the extent and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Ziyang Zeng , Dun Zhang , Jiacheng Li , Panxiang Zou , Yudong Zhou , Yuqing Yang

Two step document ranking, where the initial retrieval is done by a classical information retrieval method, followed by neural re-ranking model, is the new standard. The best performance is achieved by using transformer-based models as…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Ivan Sekulić , Amir Soleimani , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Fabio Crestani

Several methods have been proposed for classifying long textual documents using Transformers. However, there is a lack of consensus on a benchmark to enable a fair comparison among different approaches. In this paper, we provide a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Hyunji Hayley Park , Yogarshi Vyas , Kashif Shah

Learning-to-Rank (LTR) models trained from implicit feedback (e.g. clicks) suffer from inherent biases. A well-known one is the position bias -- documents in top positions are more likely to receive clicks due in part to their position…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Mucun Tian , Chun Guo , Vito Ostuni , Zhen Zhu

This paper studies the performances and behaviors of BERT in ranking tasks. We explore several different ways to leverage the pre-trained BERT and fine-tune it on two ranking tasks: MS MARCO passage reranking and TREC Web Track ad hoc…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-04-29 Yifan Qiao , Chenyan Xiong , Zhenghao Liu , Zhiyuan Liu

On a wide range of natural language processing and information retrieval tasks, transformer-based models, particularly pre-trained language models like BERT, have demonstrated tremendous effectiveness. Due to the quadratic complexity of the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Minghan Li , Diana Nicoleta Popa , Johan Chagnon , Yagmur Gizem Cinar , Eric Gaussier

Supervised machine learning models and their evaluation strongly depends on the quality of the underlying dataset. When we search for a relevant piece of information it may appear anywhere in a given passage. However, we observe a bias in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Sebastian Hofstätter , Aldo Lipani , Sophia Althammer , Markus Zlabinger , Allan Hanbury

Positional bias in large language models (LLMs) hinders their ability to effectively process long inputs. A prominent example is the "lost in the middle" phenomenon, where LLMs struggle to utilize relevant information situated in the middle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Runchu Tian , Yanghao Li , Yuepeng Fu , Siyang Deng , Qinyu Luo , Cheng Qian , Shuo Wang , Xin Cong , Zhong Zhang , Yesai Wu , Yankai Lin , Huadong Wang , Xiaojiang Liu

Dense retrievers exhibit positional bias, favoring documents whose query-relevant information appears near the beginning and degrading retrieval performance when the information appears later. While prior work on positional bias in dense…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Daegon Yu , SeungYoon Han , Woomyoung Park

The computing cost of transformer self-attention often necessitates breaking long documents to fit in pretrained models in document ranking tasks. In this paper, we design Query-Directed Sparse attention that induces IR-axiomatic structures…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Jyun-Yu Jiang , Chenyan Xiong , Chia-Jung Lee , Wei Wang

In recent years, large pre-trained transformers have led to substantial gains in performance over traditional retrieval models and feedback approaches. However, these results are primarily based on the MS Marco/TREC Deep Learning Track…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-04-18 David Rau , Jaap Kamps

The amount of information stored in the form of documents on the internet has been increasing rapidly. Thus it has become a necessity to organize and maintain these documents in an optimum manner. Text classification algorithms study the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Vedangi Wagh , Snehal Khandve , Isha Joshi , Apurva Wani , Geetanjali Kale , Raviraj Joshi

In real-world documents, the information relevant to a user query may reside anywhere from the beginning to the end. This makes position bias -- a systematic tendency of retrieval models to favor or neglect content based on its location --…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Ziyang Zeng , Dun Zhang , Yu Yan , Xu Sun , Cuiqiaoshu Pan , Yudong Zhou , Yuqing Yang

Recently, pre-trained language models such as BERT have been applied to document ranking for information retrieval, which first pre-train a general language model on an unlabeled large corpus and then conduct ranking-specific fine-tuning on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-13 Lin Bo , Liang Pang , Gang Wang , Jun Xu , XiuQiang He , Ji-Rong Wen

The purpose of modeling document relevance for search engines is to rank better in subsequent searches. Document-specific historical click-through rates can be important features in a dynamic ranking system which updates as we accumulate…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Richard Demsyn-Jones

LLM-based listwise passage reranking has attracted attention for its effectiveness in ranking candidate passages. However, these models suffer from positional bias, where passages positioned towards the end of the input are less likely to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Jingfen Qiao , Jin Huang , Xinyu Ma , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Evangelos Kanoulas , Andrew Yates

Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit positional bias in long-context settings, under-attending to information in the middle of inputs. We investigate the presence of this bias in long-form summarization, its impact on faithfulness,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 David Wan , Jesse Vig , Mohit Bansal , Shafiq Joty

Unbiased Learning to Rank (ULTR) that learns to rank documents with biased user feedback data is a well-known challenge in information retrieval. Existing methods in unbiased learning to rank typically rely on click modeling or inverse…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Dan Luo , Lixin Zou , Qingyao Ai , Zhiyu Chen , Dawei Yin , Brian D. Davison

Long document re-ranking has been a challenging problem for neural re-rankers based on deep language models like BERT. Early work breaks the documents into short passage-like chunks. These chunks are independently mapped to scalar scores or…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Luyu Gao , Jamie Callan
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