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Automated regression testing is a cornerstone of modern software development, often contributing directly to code review and Continuous Integration (CI). Yet some tests suffer from flakiness, where their outcomes vary non-deterministically.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Tao Xiao , Dong Wang , Shane McIntosh , Hideaki Hata , Yasutaka Kamei

Flaky tests are a common problem in software testing. They produce inconsistent results when executed multiple times on the same code, invalidating the assumption that a test failure indicates a software defect. Recent work on LLM-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Alexander Berndt , Thomas Bach , Rainer Gemulla , Marcus Kessel , Sebastian Baltes

Background. Automated test execution is an important activity to gather information about the quality of a software project. So-called flaky tests, however, negatively affect this process. Such tests fail seemingly at random without changes…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Alexander Berndt , Zoltán Nochta , Thomas Bach

Flaky tests are tests that pass and fail on different executions of the same version of a program under test. They waste valuable developer time by making developers investigate false alerts (flaky test failures). To deal with this problem,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Guillaume Haben , Sarra Habchi , Mike Papadakis , Maxime Cordy , Yves Le Traon

Background: Test flakiness is identified as a major issue that compromises the regression testing process of complex software systems. Flaky tests manifest non-deterministic behaviour, send confusing signals to developers, and break their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-04-16 Sarra Habchi , Maxime Cordy , Mike Papadakis , Yves Le Traon

Much research on software testing makes an implicit assumption that test failures are deterministic such that they always witness the presence of the same defects. However, this assumption is not always true because some test failures are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-12-09 Maxime Cordy , Renaud Rwemalika , Mike Papadakis , Mark Harman

Background: Test flakiness is a major problem in the software industry. Flaky tests fail seemingly at random without changes to the code and thus impede continuous integration (CI). Some researchers argue that all tests can be considered…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Alexander Berndt , Thomas Bach , Sebastian Baltes

Validation of Android apps via testing is difficult owing to the presence of flaky tests. Due to non-deterministic execution environments, a sequence of events (a test) may lead to success or failure in unpredictable ways. In this work, we…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-05-24 Zhen Dong , Abhishek Tiwari , Xiao Liang Yu , Abhik Roychoudhury

Flaky tests are tests that yield different outcomes when run on the same version of a program. This non-deterministic behaviour plagues continuous integration with false signals, wasting developers' time and reducing their trust in test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-01 Amal Akli , Guillaume Haben , Sarra Habchi , Mike Papadakis , Yves Le Traon

Flaky tests yield inconsistent results when they are repeatedly executed on the same code revision. They interfere with automated quality assurance of code changes and hinder efficient software testing. Previous work evaluated approaches to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Alexander Berndt , Vekil Bekmyradov , Rainer Gemulla , Marcus Kessel , Thomas Bach , Sebastian Baltes

The role of regression testing in software testing is crucial as it ensures that any new modifications do not disrupt the existing functionality and behaviour of the software system. The desired outcome is for regression tests to yield…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Xin Sun , Daniel Ståhl , Kristian Sandahl

Flaky tests cause significant problems as they can interrupt automated build processes that rely on all tests succeeding and undermine the trustworthiness of tests. Numerous causes of test flakiness have been identified, and program…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-03 Jens Dietrich , Shawn Rasheed , Amjed Tahir

Software systems have been continuously evolved and delivered with high quality due to the widespread adoption of automated tests. A recurring issue hurting this scenario is the presence of flaky tests, a test case that may pass or fail…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-24 B. H. P. Camara , M. A. G. Silva , A. T. Endo , S. R. Vergilio

Asynchronous waits are one of the most prevalent root causes of flaky tests and a major time-influential factor of web application testing. To investigate the characteristics of asynchronous wait flaky tests and their fixes in web testing,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Yu Pei , Jeongju Sohn , Sarra Habchi , Mike Papadakis

Flaky tests obstruct software development, and studying and proposing mitigations against them has therefore become an important focus of software engineering research. To conduct sound investigations on test flakiness, it is crucial to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Martin Gruber , Gordon Fraser

Non-deterministically behaving (i.e., flaky) tests hamper regression testing as they destroy trust and waste computational and human resources. Eradicating flakiness in test suites is therefore an important goal, but automated debugging…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Martin Gruber , Gordon Fraser

We present JS-TOD (JavaScript Test Order-dependency Detector), a tool that can extract, reorder, and rerun Jest tests to reveal possible order-dependent test flakiness. Test order dependency is one of the leading causes of test flakiness.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Negar Hashemi , Amjed Tahir , Shawn Rasheed , August Shi , Rachel Blagojevic

Software testing assures that code changes do not adversely affect existing functionality. However, a test case can be flaky, i.e., passing and failing across executions, even for the same version of the source code. Flaky test cases…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Sakina Fatima , Taher A. Ghaleb , Lionel Briand

Flaky tests, which pass or fail inconsistently without code changes, are a major challenge in software engineering in general and in quantum software engineering in particular due to their complexity and probabilistic nature, leading to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Janakan Sivaloganathan , Ainaz Jamshidi , Andriy Miranskyy , Lei Zhang

A flaky test yields inconsistent results upon repetition, posing a significant challenge to software developers. An extensive study of their presence and characteristics has been done in classical computer software but not quantum computer…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Lei Zhang , Andriy Miranskyy