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We extend Fisher's randomization test (FRT) to test conditional independence between observed outcomes and treatments given covariates in both randomized experiments and observational studies, with no restriction on the variable type of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-12 Zhen Zhong

This paper provides a critical review of the Bayesian perspective of causal inference based on the potential outcomes framework. We review the causal estimands, identification assumptions, the general structure of Bayesian inference of…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-25 Fan Li , Peng Ding , Fabrizia Mealli

Before autonomous systems can be deployed in safety-critical applications, we must be able to understand and verify the safety of these systems. For cases where the risk or cost of real-world testing is prohibitive, we propose a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Charles Dawson , Chuchu Fan

Causal inference, especially in observational studies, relies on untestable assumptions about the true data-generating process. Sensitivity analysis helps us determine how robust our conclusions are when we alter these underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Nikita Dhawan , Daniel Shen , Leonardo Cotta , Chris J. Maddison

Causal effect estimation from observational data is fundamental across various applications. However, selecting an appropriate estimator from dozens of specialized methods demands substantial manual effort and domain expertise. We present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Vahid Balazadeh , Hamidreza Kamkari , Valentin Thomas , Benson Li , Junwei Ma , Jesse C. Cresswell , Rahul G. Krishnan

There is currently a dearth of appropriate methods to estimate the causal effects of multiple treatments when the outcome is binary. For such settings, we propose the use of nonparametric Bayesian modeling, Bayesian Additive Regression…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-03-02 Chenyang Gu , Michael J. Lopez , Liangyuan Hu

Identifying a causal model of an IT system is fundamental to many branches of systems engineering and operation. Such a model can be used to predict the effects of control actions, optimize operations, diagnose failures, detect intrusions,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Kim Hammar , Rolf Stadler

Causal inference, estimating causal effects from observational data, is a fundamental tool in many disciplines. Of particular importance across a variety of domains is the continuous treatment setting, where the variable of intervention has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Christopher Stith , Medha Barath , Vahid Balazadeh , Jesse C. Cresswell , Rahul G. Krishnan

This paper studies the problem of globally optimizing a variable of interest that is part of a causal model in which a sequence of interventions can be performed. This problem arises in biology, operational research, communications and,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-05-27 Virginia Aglietti , Xiaoyu Lu , Andrei Paleyes , Javier González

Causal Inference offers a fundamental approach for advancing empirical software engineering (ESE) beyond traditional statistical association, enabling researchers to rigorously identify and quantify causal relationships in software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Daniel Rodriguez-Cardenas , Aya Garryyeva , David Nader Palacio , Antonio Mastropaolo , Denys Poshyvanyk

Time-series causal discovery methods rely on assumptions such as stationarity, regular sampling, and bounded temporal dependence. When these assumptions are violated, structure learning can produce confident but misleading causal graphs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Marco Ruiz , Miguel Arana-Catania , David R. Ardila , Rodrigo Ventura

Compute and memory constraints have historically prevented traffic simulation software users from fully utilizing the predictive models underlying them. When calibrating car-following models, particularly, accommodations have included 1)…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-08-08 Franklin Abodo , Andrew Berthaume , Stephen Zitzow-Childs , Leonardo Bobadilla

Selection bias arises when the probability that an observation enters a dataset depends on variables related to the quantities of interest, leading to systematic distortions in estimation and uncertainty quantification. For example, in…

Recently, many causal estimators for Conditional Average Treatment Effect (CATE) and instrumental variable (IV) problems have been published and open sourced, allowing to estimate granular impact of both randomized treatments (such as A/B…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-21 Egor Kraev , Timo Flesch , Hudson Taylor Lekunze , Mark Harley , Pere Planell Morell

We introduce a unified framework for contextual and causal Bayesian optimisation, which aims to design intervention policies maximising the expectation of a target variable. Our approach leverages both observed contextual information and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Vahan Arsenyan , Antoine Grosnit , Haitham Bou-Ammar , Arnak Dalalyan

We address the problem of two-variable causal inference without intervention. This task is to infer an existing causal relation between two random variables, i.e. $X \rightarrow Y$ or $Y \rightarrow X$ , from purely observational data. As…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-01-07 Maximilian Kurthen , Torsten A. Enßlin

The practical utility of causality in decision-making is widespread and brought about by the intertwining of causal discovery and causal inference. Nevertheless, a notable gap exists in the evaluation of causal discovery methods, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Chris Chinenye Emezue , Alexandre Drouin , Tristan Deleu , Stefan Bauer , Yoshua Bengio

Bayesian forecasting is developed in multivariate time series analysis for causal inference. Causal evaluation of sequentially observed time series data from control and treated units focuses on the impacts of interventions using…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-21 Graham Tierney , Christoph Hellmayr , Greg Barkimer , Kevin Li , Mike West

Ensuring robust model performance in diverse real-world scenarios requires addressing generalizability across domains with covariate shifts. However, no formal procedure exists for statistically evaluating generalizability in machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Daniel de Vassimon Manela , Linying Yang , Robin J. Evans

Identifying the parameters of a model and rating competitive models based on measured data has been among the most important but challenging topics in modern science and engineering, with great potential of application in structural system…

Computation · Statistics 2017-08-02 F. A. DiazDelaO , A. Garbuno-Inigo , S. K. Au , I. Yoshida