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We investigate properties of the bijective Burrows-Wheeler transform (BBWT). We show that for any string $w$, a bidirectional macro scheme of size $O(r_B)$ can be induced from the BBWT of $w$, where $r_B$ is the number of maximal character…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Golnaz Badkobeh , Hideo Bannai , Dominik Köppl

The Positional Burrows--Wheeler Transform (PBWT) is a data structure designed for efficiently representing and querying large collections of sequences, such as haplotype panels in genomics. Forward and backward stepping operations --…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Paola Bonizzoni , Davide Cozzi , Younan Gao

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) is often taught in undergraduate courses on algorithmic bioinformatics, because it underlies the FM-index and thus important tools such as Bowtie and BWA. Its admirers consider the BWT a thing of beauty…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Travis Gagie , Giovanni Manzini , Marinella Sciortino

The positional Burrows-Wheeler Transform (PBWT) is commonly used to store haplotype panels compactly in such a way that, given a query haplotype, we can quickly find the set maximal exact matches (SMEMs) between the query and the haplotypes…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Travis Gagie

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) has been an essential tool in text compression and indexing. First introduced in 1994, it went on to provide the backbone for the first encoding of the classic suffix tree data structure in space close to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-02-19 Jason Bentley , Daniel Gibney , Sharma V. Thankachan

Two strings $x$ and $y$ over $\Sigma \cup \Pi$ of equal length are said to \emph{parameterized match} (\emph{p-match}) if there is a renaming bijection $f:\Sigma \cup \Pi \rightarrow \Sigma \cup \Pi$ that is identity on $\Sigma$ and…

Constructing the Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) for long strings poses significant challenges regarding construction time and memory usage. We use a prefix of the suffix array to partition a long string into shorter substrings, thereby…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Enno Adler , Stefan Böttcher , Rita Hartel

Enumerating characteristic substrings (e.g., maximal repeats, minimal unique substrings, and minimal absent words) in a given string has been an important research topic because there are a wide variety of applications in various areas such…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Takaaki Nishimoto , Yasuo Tabei

In order to avoid the reference bias introduced by mapping reads to a reference genome, bioinformaticians are investigating reference-free methods for analyzing sequenced genomes. With large projects sequencing thousands of individuals,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-01-15 Jouni Sirén

We propose algorithms that, given the input string of length $n$ over integer alphabet of size $\sigma$, construct the Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT), the permuted longest-common-prefix (PLCP) array, and the LZ77 parsing in…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Dominik Kempa

Motivated by challenges in pangenomic read alignment, we propose a generalization of Wheeler graphs that we call Wheeler maps. A Wheeler map stores a text $T[1..n]$ and an assignment of tags to the characters of $T$ such that we can…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Andrej Baláz , Travis Gagie , Adrián Goga , Simon Heumos , Gonzalo Navarro , Alessia Petescia , Jouni Sirén

The compression of highly repetitive strings (i.e., strings with many repetitions) has been a central research topic in string processing, and quite a few compression methods for these strings have been proposed thus far. Among them, an…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Takaaki Nishimoto , Shunsuke Kanda , Yasuo Tabei

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) is an invertible text transformation that permutes symbols of a text according to the lexicographical order of its suffixes. BWT is the main component of popular lossless compression programs (such as…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Dominik Kempa , Tomasz Kociumaka

Two strings of equal length are said to parameterized match if there is a bijection that maps the characters of one string to those of the other string, so that two strings become identical. The parameterized pattern matching problem is,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-08-06 Noriki Fujisato , Yuto Nakashima , Shunsuke Inenaga , Hideo Bannai , Masayuki Takeda

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) serves as the basis for many important sequence indexes. On very large datasets (e.g. genomic databases), classical BWT construction algorithms are often infeasible because they usually need to have the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Jannik Olbrich

Indexing of very large collections of strings such as those produced by the widespread sequencing technologies, heavily relies on multi-string generalizations of the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT), and for this problem various in-memory…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-07-29 Paola Bonizzoni , Gianluca Della Vedova , Serena Nicosia , Marco Previtali , Raffaella Rizzi

The Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) is used by the bzip2 family of compressors. In this paper, we present a hardware architecture that implements an inplace algorithm to compute the BWT. Our design does not have explicit storage for the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-07 Kleber Stangherlin , Andrew Kennings

The Burrows-Wheeler-Transform (BWT) is an invertible permutation of a text known to be highly compressible but also useful for sequence analysis, what makes the BWT highly attractive for lossless data compression. In this paper, we present…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-04-06 Uwe Baier

We present a new semi-external algorithm that builds the Burrows--Wheeler transform variant of Bauer et al. (a.k.a., BCR BWT) in linear expected time. Our method uses compression techniques to reduce computational costs when the input is…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Diego Díaz-Domínguez , Gonzalo Navarro

Two strings are considered to have parameterized matching when there exists a bijection of the parameterized alphabet onto itself such that it transforms one string to another. Parameterized matching has application in software duplication…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Apurba Saha , Iftekhar Hakim Kaowsar , Mahdi Hasnat Siyam , M. Sohel Rahman