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Recently, transformer-based methods have demonstrated impressive results in various vision tasks, including image super-resolution (SR), by exploiting the self-attention (SA) for feature extraction. However, the computation of SA in most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Xindong Zhang , Hui Zeng , Shi Guo , Lei Zhang

One limitation of existing Transformer-based models is that they cannot handle very long sequences as input since their self-attention operations exhibit quadratic time and space complexity. This problem becomes especially acute when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Yuzhen Mao , Martin Ester , Ke Li

While the self-attention mechanism has been widely used in a wide variety of tasks, it has the unfortunate property of a quadratic cost with respect to the input length, which makes it difficult to deal with long inputs. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-30 Xiaoya Li , Yuxian Meng , Mingxin Zhou , Qinghong Han , Fei Wu , Jiwei Li

Self-attention has recently been adopted for a wide range of sequence modeling problems. Despite its effectiveness, self-attention suffers from quadratic compute and memory requirements with respect to sequence length. Successful approaches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Aurko Roy , Mohammad Saffar , Ashish Vaswani , David Grangier

Transformers have shown dominant performance across a range of domains including language and vision. However, their computational cost grows quadratically with the sequence length, making their usage prohibitive for resource-constrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Yinghan Long , Sayeed Shafayet Chowdhury , Kaushik Roy

Transformer-based approaches have revolutionized image super-resolution by modeling long-range dependencies. However, the quadratic computational complexity of vanilla self-attention mechanisms poses significant challenges, often leading to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Dinh Phu Tran , Thao Do , Saad Wazir , Seongah Kim , Seon Kwon Kim , Daeyoung Kim

Transformers, composed of QKV generation, attention computation, and FFNs, have become the dominant model across various domains due to their outstanding performance. However, their high computational cost hinders efficient hardware…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Hongxiang Liu , Zhifang Deng , Tong Pu , Shengli Lu

As Transformer-based models have achieved impressive performance on various time series tasks, Long-Term Series Forecasting (LTSF) tasks have also received extensive attention in recent years. However, due to the inherent computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Daojun Liang , Haixia Zhang , Dongfeng Yuan , Xiaoyan Ma , Dongyang Li , Minggao Zhang

Scaling sequence length has become a critical demand in the era of large language models. However, existing methods struggle with either computational complexity or model expressivity, rendering the maximum sequence length restricted. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Jiayu Ding , Shuming Ma , Li Dong , Xingxing Zhang , Shaohan Huang , Wenhui Wang , Nanning Zheng , Furu Wei

Special-purpose hardware accelerators are increasingly pivotal for sustaining performance improvements in emerging applications, especially as the benefits of technology scaling continue to diminish. However, designers currently lack…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Hongzheng Chen , Niansong Zhang , Shaojie Xiang , Zhichen Zeng , Mengjia Dai , Zhiru Zhang

The attention mechanism is the key to the success of transformers in different machine learning tasks. However, the quadratic complexity with respect to the sequence length of the vanilla softmax-based attention mechanism becomes the major…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-05 Chong Wu , Maolin Che , Renjie Xu , Zhuoheng Ran , Hong Yan

The quadratic computational and memory complexities of the Transformer's attention mechanism have limited its scalability for modeling long sequences. In this paper, we propose Luna, a linear unified nested attention mechanism that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-04 Xuezhe Ma , Xiang Kong , Sinong Wang , Chunting Zhou , Jonathan May , Hao Ma , Luke Zettlemoyer

The Transformer architecture has revolutionized deep learning on sequential data, becoming ubiquitous in state-of-the-art solutions for a wide variety of applications. Yet vanilla Transformers are notoriously resource-expensive, requiring…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Valerii Likhosherstov , Krzysztof Choromanski , Jared Davis , Xingyou Song , Adrian Weller

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across various applications, but their performance on long-context tasks is often limited by the computational complexity of attention mechanisms. We introduce a novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Bo Chen , Yingyu Liang , Zhizhou Sha , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song

The original softmax-based attention mechanism (regular attention) in the extremely successful Transformer architecture computes attention between $N$ tokens, each embedded in a $D$-dimensional head, with a time complexity of $O(N^2D)$.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Armin Gerami , Ramani Duraiswami

Motivated by the factorization inherent in the original fast multipole method and the improved fast Gauss transform we introduce a factorable form of attention that operates efficiently in high dimensions. This approach reduces the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Armin Gerami , Monte Hoover , Pranav S. Dulepet , Ramani Duraiswami

As Large Language Models (LLMs) scale to longer context windows, the computational cost of attention mechanisms, which traditionally grows quadratically with input length, presents a critical challenge for real-time and memory-constrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 James Vo

Self-attention in transformer models is an incremental associative memory that maps key vectors to value vectors. One way to speed up self-attention is to employ GPU-compatible vector search algorithms based on standard partitioning methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Pierre-Emmanuel Mazaré , Gergely Szilvasy , Maria Lomeli , Francisco Massa , Naila Murray , Hervé Jégou , Matthijs Douze

Speech separation always faces the challenge of handling prolonged time sequences. Past methods try to reduce sequence lengths and use the Transformer to capture global information. However, due to the quadratic time complexity of the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-28 Haoxu Wang , Yiheng Jiang , Gang Qiao , Pengteng Shi , Biao Tian

Tensor algebra accelerators have been gaining popularity for running high-performance computing (HPC) workloads. Identifying optimal schedules for individual tensor operations and designing hardware to run these schedules is an active area…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Raveesh Garg , Michael Pellauer , Sivasankaran Rajamanickam , Tushar Krishna